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Graduates in their 20s are earning less in real terms than they were before the 2008 financial crash, and are £1,200 worse off than they were at the start of the pandemic on average, despite recent cuts to national insurance.

Chancellor Jeremy Hunt has teased further national insurance cuts in his upcoming budget, following on from the recent decrease announced in his autumn statement.

It could be welcome news to some who have seen their pay packets squeezed over recent years as a result of the cost of living crisis, though economists have warned tax cuts would be unaffordable and would need to be reversed after an election.

People aged between 22 and 29 are earning less in real terms now than they were in 2002.

This is when factoring in inflation, including rising housing and food costs, over the period.

In 2023 prices, the median salary for a graduate in their 20s is £23,990 after paying taxes and student loan – compared with £25,200 in 2020.

Helen Miller, deputy director of the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), said: “This comes in the context of an ongoing, multi-year freeze to personal tax thresholds.

“By 2027 (the last year of the planned freezes), an employee earning £35,000 will be paying about £440 a year more in direct tax overall as a result of all the changes to income tax and NICs since 2021.

“The government has announced significant tax rises. Regardless of what the chancellor announces in the budget, it is highly likely that this will be the largest tax-raising parliament on record.”

Changes to student loan plans

Student loan repayments are set at 9% of income above the salary threshold, which has been frozen at £27,295 since 2021/22.

Still, a recent graduate on an average income is currently paying around £13 a month towards their student loan, so is it really a big deal?

A big factor in the impact of student debt is not just how much people pay back per month, but how much they pay back over their working lives, and when they started university.

Those who went to university on ‘Plan 2’ higher university fees (£9,000 and above from 2012/13) will pay back almost £20,000 more than the previous ‘Plan 1’ cohort in their lifetime, according to estimates by the IFS.

Those who started in the 2023 academic year or later will be eligible for ‘Plan 5’ student loans, which have different repayment terms.

The threshold will increase in line with the Retail Prices Index (a measure of inflation) instead – meaning it will likely increase more slowly than under the previous policy and more graduates will start paying back their debt sooner.

Under the new system, student debt will only be written off after 40 years rather than 30, meaning many will make repayments for longer, potentially into their 60s.

This particularly affects low to middle earners, who are less likely to have paid off their debt after 30 years.

However, under this new system no borrower will repay more than they borrowed (in real RPI terms) – so the highest earners can expect to repay significantly less than if they had started university in 2022 due to the lower interest rate.

On the other hand, people on lower incomes will end up paying back more.

‘A thundercloud waiting to burst’

Dr Farhana Ghaffar, researcher at the University of East Anglia, has been looking at the impact of the post-2012 loan system on students and young people and interviewed graduates who had been through this system to see how it had affected them.

“The idea was generally that a university degree would set you up for life, so it would set you up for a particular kind of life where you’d be able to have a home, start a family,” she said.

But in exchange for this, students are taking on “enormous” amounts of debt, which can have an emotional impact.

“I think sort of five or six years on, they were constantly worried about the debt that was getting bigger and bigger. And obviously they couldn’t do anything about it.

“They’re not at a stage yet where I think we can kind of talk too much about the long-term impacts. But something that was really striking is it was a future worry.

“You know, ‘when I get a mortgage’ or ‘when I start a family’. Someone described it almost as being like a thundercloud, waiting to burst and they just didn’t know when it would happen.”

Anastasia is a Romanian student at the University of Dundee. Her tuition fees are free because she started studying in Scotland while the UK was part of the EU.

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English students still have to pay to study in Scotland but students from other EU countries could study for free, as Scottish students do.

Anastasia isn’t sure if she would have gone to university at all if she had to pay fees.

She said: “I’d have to take a few months to think about it. And really, really think about it. I don’t think it’s a decision I could make just like that.

“If there was a way of knowing the payments would be acceptable and manageable – even though I probably won’t have a good job right after I graduate – maybe I would do that but very low chances.

But Anastasia knows that decision too could affect her future prospects, saying “[we are] in a world where everybody expects you to have a diploma for anything”.

“There are so many companies out there that will not give you the job even though you’re fully able to give them a wonderful performance, if you don’t have a diploma.”


The Data and Forensics team is a multi-skilled unit dedicated to providing transparent journalism from Sky News. We gather, analyse and visualise data to tell data-driven stories. We combine traditional reporting skills with advanced analysis of satellite images, social media and other open-source information. Through multimedia storytelling, we aim to better explain the world while also showing how our journalism is done.

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Inflation surprisingly continues to fall but expect an April rebound due to across-the-board bill hikes

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Inflation surprisingly continues to fall but expect an April rebound due to across-the-board bill hikes

Inflation fell more than expected and for the second month in a row, official figures show.

The consumer price index (CPI) measure of inflation fell to 2.6% in March, down from 2.8% in February and 3% in January, according to Office for National Statistics (ONS) data.

It means prices are rising at the slowest pace since December and closest to the Bank of England’s 2% target.

 

The rate is also lower than expected by economists polled by Reuters, who anticipated inflation of 2.7%.

But the drop is likely to be short-lived as a raft of bill rises kicked in at the start of April.

Energy, water, and council tax bills rose throughout the UK at the start of this month.

Why did inflation fall?

More on Inflation

It was a fall in fuel costs, thanks to lower oil prices that led to the surprise drop, combined with the unchanged food price rise.

The price of games, toys and hobbies, as well as data processing equipment, all fell.

These drops counteracted a “strong” rise in the price of clothes, the ONS said.

The late timing of Easter also meant comparing March 2024 – as the ONS does with its annual inflation rise figure – with March 2025 isn’t comparing like with like.

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‘Likely’ British Steel will be nationalised, says business secretary

Easter and the associated school break bring things like higher airfares and hotel costs, something that was not seen last month as the feast takes place in April this year.

What does this mean for interest rates?

All measures of inflation fell, in a boost to the Bank of England as they mull interest rate cuts.

A key way of assessing price rises, core inflation, which excludes volatile price items like fuel and food, dropped to 3.4%.

It’s closely watched by the rate setters at the Bank of England, who meet next month and are widely expected to make borrowing less expensive by bringing interest rates down to 4.25%.

Another important measure – services inflation – dropped to 4.7% from 5% in February. As a predominantly services-based economy, a drop in that rate is good news for central bankers and households.

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Could Trump’s tariff be positive?

Inflation data, combined with the fact job vacancies are at pre-pandemic levels for the first time since 2021, has meant traders are now expecting four interest rate cuts this year, which would bring the base interest rate to 3.5% by December.

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‘Likely’ British Steel will be nationalised, says business secretary Jonathan Reynolds

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'Likely' British Steel will be nationalised, says business secretary Jonathan Reynolds

Business Secretary Jonathan Reynolds has said it is “likely” that British Steel will be nationalised.

However he also stressed the importance of finding a private sector partner for the business because the scale of capital required for steel transformation was “very significant, even with government support”.

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It comes after he appeared to row back on his claim that he would not bring a Chinese company into the steel sector again after ministers had to urgently step in to save the British Steel plant in Scunthorpe.

Mr Reynolds, speaking to reporters in the Lincolnshire town after raw materials arrived to keep the site running, said that nationalisation was the “likely option at this stage”.

He added: “What we are now going to do, having secured both control of the site and the supply of raw materials, so the blast furnaces won’t close in a matter of days, is work on the future.

“We’ve got the ownership question, which is pressing.

“I was clear when I gave the speech in parliament – we know there is a limited lifespan of the blast furnaces, and we know that what we need for the future is a private sector partner to come in and work with us on that transformation and co-fund that transformation.”

The government passed emergency legislation on Saturday to take over British Steel’s Scunthorpe plant, the last in the UK capable of producing virgin steel, after talks with its Chinese owners, Jingye, broke down.

The company recently cancelled orders for supplies of the raw materials needed to keep the blast furnaces running, sparking a race against time to keep it operational.

While those materials have been secured, questions remain about the long-term future of British Steel and whether it will be fully nationalised or the private sector will get involved.

Reynolds rows back

Mr Reynolds earlier said he would look at Chinese firms “in a different way” following the row but did not rule out their involvement completely.

He previously told Sky News’ Sunday Morning With Trevor Phillips, that he would not “personally bring a Chinese company into our steel sector” again, describing steel as a “sensitive area” in the UK.

However, industry minister Sarah Jones took a different position on Tuesday morning, telling Sky News she is “not ruling out” the possibility of another Chinese partner.

She said having a pragmatic relationship with Beijing, the world’s second-biggest economy, is still important and stringent tests would apply “to a Chinese company as they would to any other company”.

Asked for clarity on his position during a visit to the port of Immingham, where materials from two ships were being unloaded and transported to the plant, Mr Reynolds said: “I think we’ve got to recognise that steel is a sensitive sector.

Explainer: Why has the government rescued British Steel?

“A lot of the issues in the global economy with steel come from production and dumping of steel products… so I think you would look at a Chinese firm in a different way.

“But I’m really keen to stress the action we’ve taken here was to step in because it was one specific company that I thought wasn’t acting in the UK’s national interest, and we had to take the action we did.”

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China relationship ‘really important’

The materials that arrived on Tuesday, including coking coal and iron, are enough to keep the furnaces running for weeks, the Department for Business and Trade said.

They are needed because if the furnaces cool down too much, the molten iron solidifies and blocks the furnaces, making it extremely difficult and expensive to restart them.

Switching off furnaces is a costly nightmare the govt wants to avoid

There’s no switch that easily turns a blast furnace on and off.

Temperatures inside can approach 2,000C and to protect the structure the interior is lined with ceramic insulation.

But the ceramic bricks expand and contract depending on the temperature, and any change needs to be done carefully over several weeks to stop them cracking.

Molten material inside the furnace also needs to be drained by drilling a hole through the wall of the furnace.

It’s a dangerous and expensive process, normally only ever done when there’s a major planned refurbishment.

That’s why the government wants to keep the furnaces at Scunthorpe burning.

The problem is, supplies for the furnaces are running low.

They need pellets of iron ore – the main raw material for making steel.

And they also need a processed form of coal called coke – the fuel that provides both the heat and the chemical reaction to purify the iron so it’s ready to make strong steel alloy.

Without a fresh supply of both the furnaces may have to be turned off in just a fortnight. And that would be a complex, costly nightmare the government wants to avoid.

‘Chinese ownership truly dreadful’

Opposition politicians have accused China of sabotage to increase reliance on its steel products, and want the country to be prevented from future dealings not only with steel but any UK national infrastructure.

Veteran Tory MP Sir Iain Duncan Smith said the government needs to define which industries are “strategic” – and prevent China from being allowed to invest in such sectors.

Liberal Democrats foreign affairs spokesperson Calum Miller said reverting to Chinese ownership would be like finding “your house ransacked and then leaving your doors unlocked”.

Raw materials for Scunthorpe steel plant arrive at port
Image:
Raw materials for the Scunthorpe steel plant


Coking coal is unloaded at Immingham Port, northern England, on April 15, 2025 as raw materials that had been waiting in the dock are transported to British Steel's steelworks site after payment was settled. DARREN STAPLES/Pool via REUTERS
Image:
Coking coal is unloaded at Immingham Port. Pic: Reuters

Reform UK leader Nigel Farage took the same position, saying the thought the government “could even contemplate another Chinese owner of British steel is truly dreadful”, and that he would not have China “in our nuclear program, anywhere near our telecoms or anything else”.

“They are not our friends,” he added.

Number 10 said on Monday that it was not aware of any “sabotage” at the plant and there is no block on Chinese companies.

The Chinese embassy has urged the British government not to “politicise” the situation by “linking it to security issues”, saying it is “an objective fact that British steel companies have generally encountered difficulties in recent years”.

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Jingye reported losses of around £700k a day at Scunthorpe, which will now come at a cost to the taxpayer.

During Tuesday morning’s interview round, Ms Jones said the government had offered Jingye money in return for investment and “we think that there is a model there that we could replicate with another private sector company”.

But she said there “isn’t another private sector company there waiting in the wings” currently, and that it may be a “national solution” that is needed.

She said “all of the options” were expensive but that it would have cost more to the taxpayer to allow the site to shut.

A YouGov poll shows the majority of the public (61%) support the government’s decision to nationalise British Steel.

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Playtech to name former DAZN exec Gleasure as next chairman

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Playtech to name former DAZN exec Gleasure as next chairman

A former executive at DAZN, the sports streaming platform, is to be appointed this week as the next chairman of Playtech, the London-listed gambling technology group.

Sky News has learnt that Playtech will announce on Wednesday that John Gleasure, who was also a co-founder of the digital sports media group Perform, is to succeed Brian Mattingley in the role.

In accepting the Playtech chairmanship, Mr Gleasure will inherit a position which has repeatedly been at the centre of fractious corporate governance challenges.

Mr Mattingley, who has held the role since 2021, has overseen a frenetic period of corporate activity while also finding himself in the eye of a series of storms with shareholders over boardroom pay.

The most recent of those came in December when close to a third of investors rebelled over a €100m bonus plan for Mor Weizer, the company’s chief executive, along with other senior executives.

Shareholders give Mr Mattingley credit, however, for helping to navigate the company through a challenging period in the gambling industry, in particular his role last year in securing the sale of Snaitech, its Italian consumer gambling arm, for €2.3bn.

That deal, which received regulatory approval last week, represented a near-threefold return on Playtech’s initial investment and will trigger a special dividend worth up to €1.8bn (£1.5bn), to be paid in June.

More from Money

The sale of Snaitech will transform Playtech into a pure-play business-to-business operation.

Many analysts believe the remaining company will rapidly become a takeover target.

A source close to Playtech pointed out that shares in the company had risen nearly 60% during Mr Mattingley’s tenure.

Mr Gleasure, who will succeed Mr Mattingley as chairman after Playtech’s annual meeting next month, has also held roles at Sky Sports, which shares a parent company with Sky News, Hutchison 3G and Sony Pictures.

He continues to sit on the board of DAZN Group and is executive chairman of The Sporting News, a digital publisher in which Playtech acquired a minority interest in 2023.

Egon Zehnder International, the boardroom headhunter, has been overseeing the search for Mr Mattingley’s successor.

A Playtech spokesperson declined to comment on Tuesday.

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