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Researchers are seeking to create the world’s first vaccine to prevent lung cancer in people who are at high risk of the disease.

Scientists from the University of Oxford, the Francis Crick Institute and University College London (UCL) have used technology similar to the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine to create the “LungVax,” a vaccine which activates the immune system to kill cancer cells and stop lung cancer.

The team has been granted up to £1.7m in funding by charities, Cancer Research UK and the CRIS Cancer Foundation, to manufacture 3,000 doses of the vaccine.

It works by using a strand of DNA which trains the immune system to recognise “red flag” proteins in lung cancer cells – known as neoantigens – and kill them.

These neoantigens appear on the surface of the cell because of cancer-causing mutations within the cell’s DNA.

According to data from Cancer Research UK, there are about 48,500 cases of lung cancer every year in the UK, 72% of which are caused by smoking.

A man smoking a cigarette
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Smoking causes 72% of all lung cancers, according to Cancer Research UK. File pic

However, the LungVax provides a “really important step forward” into a future where cancer is more preventable, Michelle Mitchell, chief executive of the charity, said.

“The science that successfully steered the world out of the pandemic could soon be guiding us toward a future where people can live longer, better lives free from the fear of cancer,” she said.

“We’re in a golden age of research and this is one of many projects which we hope will transform lung cancer survival.”

If the vaccine can successfully show in a lab setting that it triggers an immune response, it will move into a clinical trial. Positive results from this could then lead to bigger trials for people at high risk of the disease.

High-risk people could include those aged 55-74 who currently smoke, have previously smoked and those who qualify for targeted lung health checks in parts of the UK.

Read more:
New study finds link between e-cigarette use and cancer risk

The ‘lung MOT’ scan trucks helping to diagnose lung cancer earlier
Will the smoking ban be subject to a ‘nanny state’ backlash?

“Fewer than 10% of people with lung cancer survive their disease for 10 years or more. That must change,” Professor Mariam Jamal-Hanjani of UCL and the Francis Crick Institute, who will lead the LungVax clinical trial, said.

“This research complements existing efforts through lung health checks to detect lung cancer earlier in people who are at greatest risk.”

She said based on early predictions the vaccine has the potential to cover around 90% of all lung cancers.

“LungVax will not replace stopping smoking as the best way to reduce your risk of lung cancer,” she said, adding that it could offer a viable route to preventing some of the earliest stage cancers from emerging in the first place.

Lola Manterola, president of the CRIS Cancer Foundation, based in South Kensington, London, called the study “groundbreaking” as it represents a firm step towards preventing cancer.

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Why many victims will welcome a national inquiry into grooming gangs

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Why many victims will welcome a national inquiry into grooming gangs

In 2019, nine men were jailed for raping and abusing two teenage girls living in a children’s home in Bradford.

One of the victims, Fiona Goddard, says more than 50 men raped her.

When the government began to talk about offering councils money for local inquiries, Fiona hoped Bradford would be one of the first to take up the offer. But there didn’t seem to be much enthusiasm.

The council was quick to point out that there had already been an independent case review into Fiona’s case, along with four other victims.

This, then, was Fiona’s first reasoning for wanting a national inquiry: The council felt it had done all that needed to be done. Fiona didn’t.

The Independent review, published in July 2021, found that while in the children’s home, Fiona “went missing almost on a daily basis”. The police attitude was that she could look after herself – she was “street-wise”.

There was “agreement by all agencies that Fiona was either at risk of Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) or actively being sexually abused and exploited”. But “this was not addressed by any single agency”.

And “when Fiona became pregnant at the age of 15, there was little curiosity or enquiry who the father was”.

So, obvious failings were discovered.

The predictable response was that lessons had been learned and new processes put in place. But no one seemed to be held accountable.

Grooming gangs timeline: What happened, what inquiries there were and how Starmer was involved

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Grooming gangs: What happened?

Ms Goddard told Sky News: “In my serious case review she [Jane Booth, the independent chair] found seven incidences at least, in them records that she found, of them not reporting sexual abuse or rape or assault, from as young as eight years old, and one of the incidences I literally turned up covered in blood and they didn’t report it.

“That is not just misunderstanding a crime, that is making intentional decisions not to report the sexual abuse of a child.”

She adds: “Let’s not forget, these people still work within social services and the police force.”

Not only did this Independent review not satisfy Fiona, but it also didn’t begin to reflect the levels and scale of abuse Fiona had experienced outside of Bradford.

Fiona Goddard, who says more than 50 men raped her in Bradford
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‘I literally turned up covered in blood and they didn’t report it,’ Fiona says

Asked where she was trafficked to, Fiona rattles off a list of cities.

“Blackburn, Rotherham, Rochdale, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Oldham – never Telford, I’d never even heard of Telford until it all came out if I’m honest – Nottingham, Oxford.”

Then she remembers she didn’t go to Oxford – men from Oxford came to her – but the point is made.

Local enquiries can’t possibly begin to explore the networks of men who traffic women, often down routes of drug trafficking being done by the same gangs.

Bradford Council told Sky News it contributed to the national Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) and published more than 70 reports where child sexual exploitation was discussed and has implemented findings from the independent local review which included Fiona’s case.

Fiona believes there are numerous connections leading back to Bradford – but victims from each city often believe their abusers are at the centre of it.

We’ve spoken to grooming victims across the country, and in 2022, a case was reopened in Humberside after a Sky News investigation, where we found diary entries, texts, photos, and school reports all indicating that teenage victims had been abused.

Read more on this story:
Telford child abuse victims speak out

What we know about grooming gangs, from the data
The women who blew whistle on Rotherham

One of them was “Anna”, who also wants a national inquiry. She believes there is a national pattern of police forces not believing victims or even criminalising them instead.

Obtaining her own police records using a Subject Access Request (SAR), Anna found officers’ attitudes towards her were similar to what we heard with Fiona in Bradford, blaming her abuse and injuries on “lifestyle choices of her own”.

Anna said: “Every time I look at my Subject Access Request, I still think it’s shocking.

“It was the same sort of terminology – lifestyle choices, liar, attention seeker, and the majority of it was negative.

“It was really rare that I’d come across something where they were actually listening or they were concerned.”

Humberside Police told us: “As the investigation is active, it is imperative we protect its integrity; as such are unable to comment on aspects of the investigation as this could impact or jeopardise any criminal or judicial proceedings.”

But it is years now since Anna first reported her abuse, and she believes the police have left it too late to gather evidence.

She told Sky News: “I think it’s either happening everywhere, or young people have been taken everywhere.

“I think the attitudes of the professionals, the police, social services, from what I’ve heard and seen, they seem very similar in every area.”

The government-commissioned rapid review by Baroness Casey is due to be published next week and is expected to call for a national inquiry into grooming gangs.

Like Anna and Fiona, many victims will welcome Sir Keir Starmer’s early response accepting the recommendation.

They will want the inquiry to probe into the operations of the perpetrators – who they are and how they are connected.

But they will also want clear accountability of the people and organisations who failed to act when they reported their abuse – and an understanding of why, so often, authorities fail to protect these vulnerable girls.

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Woman, 23, dies after falling in water at beauty spot in Scottish Highlands

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Woman, 23, dies after falling in water at beauty spot in Scottish Highlands

A woman has died after falling into the water at a popular beauty spot in the Scottish Highlands.

The 23-year-old had fallen into the water in the Rogie Falls area of Wester Ross.

Police Scotland confirmed emergency services attended the scene after being called at 1.45pm on Saturday.

“However, [she] was pronounced dead at the scene,” a spokesperson said.

“There are no suspicious circumstances and a report will be submitted to the Procurator Fiscal.”

Rogie Falls are a series of waterfalls on the Black Water, a river in Ross-shire in the Highlands of Scotland. They are a popular attraction for tourists on Scotland’s North Coast 500 road trip.

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‘Happy Father’s Day, Papa’: Royal children share ‘before and after’ photos with Prince William

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'Happy Father's Day, Papa': Royal children share 'before and after' photos with Prince William

Prince George, Princess Charlotte and Prince Louis have wished their “Papa”, Prince William, a happy Father’s Day.

The post on the Prince and Princess of Wales‘s official social media pages features two photos – captioned “before and after”.

The children are seen hugging their father – and then piling on top of him.

The post reads: “Happy Father’s Day, Papa (before and after!) We love you! G, C & L.”

The two photographs of the family – one colour and one black and white – were taken earlier this year in Norfolk by photographer Josh Shinner, who also took Prince Louis’s birthday portraits earlier this year.

The post follows yesterday’s Trooping the Colour, celebrating King Charles‘s official birthday, after which the family shared a rare posed photo taken on the day of the event.

The first photo shows the Prince of Wales wearing a green woollen jumper and jeans, with his arms around George, 11, and Charlotte, 10, with Louis, seven, standing in front of him.

The second picture shows everyone in a bundle, lying on grass and daffodils, with Prince William at the centre.

The Royal family traditionally shares public wishes for Father’s Day and Mother’s Day.

Last year, the Prince of Wales shared a photo of himself playing football with the King, taken in the gardens of Kensington Palace in June 1984, just ahead of his second birthday.

This year, Buckingham Palace posted a black and white photo of Prince Philip pushing a young King Charles and Princess Anne on a swing.

A second photo showed the Queen and her father, Major Bruce Shand, taken on the day of her wedding to Charles in 2005.

The message read: “To all Dads everywhere, we wish you a happy Father’s Day today.”

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