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The technology behind ChatGPT scored better at assessing eye problems and providing advice than non-specialist doctors, a new study has found.

A study led by the University of Cambridge has found that GPT-4, the large language model (LLM) developed by OpenAI, performed nearly as well as specialist eye doctors in a written multiple-choice test.

The AI model, which is known for generating text based on the vast amount of data it is trained on, was tested against doctors at different stages of their careers, including junior doctors without a specialism, as well as trainee and expert eye doctors.

Each group was presented with dozens of scenarios where patients have a specific eye problem, and asked to give a diagnosis or advise on treatment by selecting from one of four options.

Dr Arun Thirunavukarasu at work
Image:
Dr Arun Thirunavukarasu – the lead author of the study – at work

The test was based on written questions, taken from a textbook used to test trainee eye doctors, about a range of eye problems – including sensitivity to light, decreased vision, lesions, and itchy eyes.

The textbook on which the questions are based is not publicly available, so researchers believe it is unlikely the large language model has been trained on its contents.

GPT-4 scored significantly higher than junior doctors, whose level of specialism is comparable to general practitioners, at the test.

The model achieved similar scores to trainee and expert eye doctors, but it was beaten by the top-performing experts.

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The research was conducted last year using the latest available large language models.

The study also tested GPT-3.5, an earlier version of OpenAI’s model, Google’s PaLM2, and Meta’s LLaMA on the same set of questions. GPT-4 gave more accurate responses than any of the other models.

The researchers have said that large language models will not replace doctors, but they could improve the healthcare system and reduce waiting lists by supporting doctors to deliver care to more patients in the same amount of time.

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Dr Arun Thirunavukarasu, the lead author of the paper, said: “If we had models that could deliver care of a similar standard to that delivered by humans, that would help overcome the problems of NHS waiting lists.

“What that requires is trials to make sure it’s a safe and effective model. But if it is, it could be revolutionary for how care is delivered.”

He added: “While the study doesn’t indicate deployment of LLMs in clinical work immediately, it gives a green light to start developing LLM-based clinical tools as the knowledge and reasoning of these models compared well to the expert ophthalmologists.”

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Singapore Airlines: British man dies in severe turbulence as flight from London Heathrow forced to land in Bangkok

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Singapore Airlines: British man dies in severe turbulence as flight from London Heathrow forced to land in Bangkok

A 73-year-old British man has died from a suspected heart attack after turbulence on a London-Singapore flight.

Dozens more have been injured after passengers described people being “launched into the ceiling” and overhead lockers.

Singapore Airlines flight SQ321 from Heathrow was forced to make an emergency landing in Bangkok.

Seven people have serious head injuries and others have minor wounds, said the head of the Thailand airport.

The aircraft took off at 10.38pm UK time on Monday but diverted to Bangkok, landing at 3.45pm local time on Tuesday.

The interior of Singapore Airline flight SQ321 is pictured after an emergency landing at Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi International Airport.
Pic: Reuters
Image:
Oxygen masks were left dangling from the ceiling. Pic: Reuters

Staff member carry people on stretchers after an emergency landing at Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi International Airport, in Bangkok.
Pic Reuters
Image:
Some passengers were taken into ambulances on stretchers. Pic Reuters

Read more:
Images show damage in plane after one killed in turbulence

Passenger Dzafran Azmir, 28, described chaos as the turbulence hit.

“Suddenly the aircraft starts tilting up and there was shaking so I started bracing for what was happening,” he said.

“And very suddenly there was a very dramatic drop so everyone seated and not wearing seatbelts was launched immediately into the ceiling.”

“Some people hit their heads on the baggage cabins overhead and dented it,” he added.

“They hit the places where lights and masks are and broke straight through it.”

Briton Andrew Davies told Sky News “anyone who had a seatbelt on isn’t injured”.

He said the seatbelt sign came on, but there was no time for crew to take their seats.

Mr Davies said “every single cabin crew person I saw was injured in some way or another, maybe with a gash on their head… One had a bad back, who was in obvious pain.”

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Emergency services surround plane on tarmac

Kittipong Kittikachorn, head of Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport, told reporters a British man, 73, had died from probable cardiac arrest.

He said about 30 people were injured, including at least one crew member, and that many passengers couldn’t walk and had to be helped from the aircraft

It’s believed the sudden turbulence hit while people were being served breakfast, the airport boss added.

Mr Kittikachorn blamed an “air pocket” for the incident.

He said the dead man’s wife was with him at hospital and that some people with minor injuries had already been discharged.

The UK Foreign Office said it was “in contact with the local authorities” over the incident.

A Singapore airline aircraft is seen on tarmac after requesting an emergency landing at Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi International Airport.
Pic: Pongsak Suksi/Reuters
Image:
The Boeing 777-300ER was forced to land in Bangkok. Pic: Pongsak Suksi/Reuters


Flight tracking data showed the plane cruising at 37,000ft (11,280m) before dropping 6,000ft (1,830m) in around three minutes.

However, a spokesperson for FlightRadar24 said this appeared to “just be a flight level change in preparation for landing”.

There were 211 passengers and 18 crew on the plane, a Boeing 777-300ER.

Turbulence can hit without warning

Jo Robinson

Weather producer

@SkyJoRobinson

There are a few forms of turbulence – where there’s a sudden change in airflow and wind speed.

Turbulence can often be associated with storm clouds, which are usually well forecast and monitored, allowing planes to fly around them.

Clear-Air Turbulence (CAT) is much more dangerous as there are no visual signs, such as clouds.

This invisible vertical air movement usually occurs at and above 15,000ft and is mostly linked to the jet stream.

There are clues on where CAT may occur, but generally it can’t be detected ahead of time, which means flight crews can be caught unaware with no time to warn passengers and put seat belt signs on.

It’s been understood for some time that climate change is increasing turbulence during flights, and the trend is set to worsen according to reports.

Social media video showed ambulances surrounding the aircraft on the tarmac.

“Singapore Airlines offers its deepest condolences to the family of the deceased,” the company said in a statement.

“We deeply apologise for the traumatic experience that our passengers and crew members suffered on this flight.”

It said it was working with Thai authorities and sending a team to Bangkok to help.

Read more:
Climate change causing more turbulence, say scientists

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Singapore is considered a standard-setter for the aviation industry and consistently tops airline awards.

Turbulence-related injuries are the most common type on passenger planes, according to a study by the US National Transportation Safety Board.

It found it was responsible for more than a third of accidents between 2009 and 2018, but no aircraft damage.

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Infected blood victims to get £210,000 interim compensation payment from this summer

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Infected blood victims to get £210,000 interim compensation payment from this summer

Victims of the infected blood scandal will get £210,000 as an interim compensation payment from as early as this summer, the government has announced.

Cabinet minister John Glen told parliament the initial payment will be given to people living with the effects of contaminated blood “within 90 days, starting in the summer”.

Infected people who die between now and the payments being made will get the money sent to their estates, he added.

Mr Glen said: “As the prime minister made clear yesterday, there is no restriction on the budget. Where we need to pay, we will pay.

“We will minimise delays, we will address the recommendations of Sir Brian Langstaff with respect to that – speed and efficiency, and removing as much complexity as possible.”

The minister did not confirm the cost of the compensation package, but former justice secretary Robert Buckland said it could be upwards of £10 billion.

Mr Glen’s announcement came the day after a report into the scandal was published following a seven-year inquiry.

More than 30,000 Britons were infected with HIV and Hepatitis C from contaminated blood products in the 1970s and 1980s. More than 3,000 people died.

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Blood scandal: A look at the details

Mr Glen also announced:

• The Infected Blood Compensation Authority – an “arm’s length body” – has been established to administer compensation, with Sir Robert Francis KC as the interim chair

• Anyone directly or indirectly infected by NHS blood, blood products or tissue contaminated with HIV or Hepatitis C, or developed a chronic infection from blood contaminated with Hepatitis B is eligible for compensation

• If someone would have been eligible but has died, compensation will be paid to their estate

• When a victim has been accepted onto the scheme, their affected partners, parents, siblings, children, friends and family who acted as carers of them can claim in their own right

• People who are registered with an existing infected blood support scheme will be automatically eligible for compensation to minimise the distress of proving they should be

• There will be five types of compensation: an injury impact award, social impact award (to acknowledge the stigma or social isolation from being infected), autonomy award (for disrupted family/private life), care award (for past and future care needs), and financial loss award (for past and future financial losses caused by being infected)

• Compensation will be offered in a lump sum or periodic payments

• The family of anyone who has died will get a single lump sum

• Any payments will be exempt from income, capital gains and inheritance tax

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• Payments will not count towards means tested benefit assessments

• All recipients can appeal their compensation

• Final payments will start before the end of the year

• No immediate changes to existing infected blood support scheme payments – they will continue until 31 March 2025 and will not be deducted from new compensation

• From 1 April 2025, any support scheme payments received will be counted towards final compensation

• Nobody will receive less in compensation than they would have received in support payments.

Sir Brian Langstaff
Image:
Sir Brian Langstaff lead the review into the scandal

Sir Brian Langstaff, chair of the inquiry, found the scandal was “not an accident” and its failures lie with “successive governments, the NHS, and blood services”.

He said the response from governments of different stripes and the NHS “compounded” victims’ suffering.

This included the “deliberate destruction of some documents” by Department of Health workers, in what Sir Brian described as a “pervasive cover-up” and “downright deception”.

“It could largely, though not entirely, have been avoided. And I report that it should have been,” he said, adding the “scale of what happened is horrifying” for victims and their families.

Victims and their families welcomed the report following decades of not being believed.

Rishi Sunak offered a “wholehearted and unequivocal” apology to the victims following the report’s publication, saying it was a “day of shame for the British state”.

He promised compensation would be given to victims and those affected, adding: “Whatever it costs to deliver this scheme, we will pay it.”

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Images show damage inside Singapore Airlines plane after one killed in turbulence

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Images show damage inside Singapore Airlines plane after one killed in turbulence

Images have revealed damage caused to a Singapore Airlines plane after the flight from London Heathrow was caught in turbulence.

One British man, 73, died during the incident, with multiple people injured as Flight SQ321 began to shake during breakfast.

Kittipong Kittikachorn, the head of Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport, told reporters about 30 people were injured, including at least one crew member.

Images from inside the plane, which was heading to Singapore – but diverted to Bangkok, Thailand – show the damage caused during the turbulence.

The interior of Singapore Airline flight SQ321 is pictured after an emergency landing at Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi International Airport.
Pic: Reuters
Image:
The interior of Singapore Airline flight SQ321. Pic: Reuters

Passenger Andrew Davies, who was sitting in premium economy, told Sky News he was watching a movie when the sign to fasten seatbelts lit up and the plane began plummeting.

He said it all happened so quickly that the captain didn’t even have time to inform the cabin crew to sit down.

“Every single cabin crew person I saw was injured in some way or another, maybe with a gash on their head… one had a bad back, who was in obvious pain,” he said.

“I don’t think they could give us any notice, I suspect they gave us as much notice as they possibly could.”

The interior of Singapore Airline flight SQ321is pictured after an emergency landing at Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi International Airport.
Pic Reuters
Image:
Pic: Reuters

He also said anyone who had a seatbelt on wasn’t physically injured.

Another passenger on board suggested people not wearing a seatbelt were “launched immediately into the ceiling” after the plane suffered a “dramatic drop”.

Pic: Obtained by Reuters
Image:
Pic: Reuters

“The crew and people inside lavatories were hurt the most because we discovered people just on the ground not able to get up,” Dzafran Azmir said.

“There were a lot of spinal and head injuries.”

People dropped to the ground, he said, and his phone “flew out” of his hand and “went a couple aisles to the side”, while people’s shoes “flung about”.

The interior of Singapore Airline flight SQ321 is pictured after an emergency landing at Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi International Airport.
Pic: Reuters
Image:
Pic: Reuters

Once the plane was on the tarmac, nurses and rescue workers came in to check on the injured, Mr Azmir said.

“I don’t think they anticipated how bad it was,” he added.

The interior of Singapore Airline flight SQ321 after an emergency landing at Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi International Airport.
Pic: Reuters
Image:
Pic: Reuters

Ambulances later arrived and Mr Azmir said he saw at least eight people on stretchers being pulled out of the emergency exits. It took 90 minutes to evacuate the plane, he said.

Images showed damage to the ceiling of the cabin, and food, cutlery and other debris strewn on the floor in the aftermath of the incident.

The interior of Singapore Airline flight SQ321 is pictured after an emergency landing at Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi International Airport.
Pic: Reuters
Image:
Pic: Reuters

Mr Kittikachorn said some of the injured suffered cuts to the head, and described the incident as “chaotic”.

The flight, operated by a Boeing 777-300ER jet, departed at 10.17pm on Monday and was diverted to Bangkok, landing at 3.45pm local time (9.45am BST) on Tuesday.

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