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Sponsored Content by H.E.L Group May 3 2024 Reviewed by Aimee Molineux

Microorganisms massively impact our everyday lives, with microbial cells in our bodies existing at a ratio of approximately one microbial cell for every human cell.

Image Credit: H.E.L Group

This has led to a boom in research over the past 15 years, delivering significant insights into the mix of microorganisms inhabiting the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, their effect on health and disease, and the relationship between humans and microbes.

Research has revealed that gut microbiome (GM) varies significantly between individuals, largely depending on their diet and health status, posing a challenge for data comparison.

In vivo analysis is the preferred technique for analyzing GM. However, this method is often unfeasible, costly, time-consuming, and resource-intensive.

In vitro simulation represents a powerful alternative to in vivo analysis, and there has been a concentrated effort to standardize methodologies to guarantee reproducibility.

This article discusses recommendations for recreating the digestive process using bioreactors. Appropriate choice of system and simulation

The broad differences in gastrointestinal tract conditions mean several parameters must be accounted for, including stomach pH and colon oxygenation.

Recreating this environment with a single reactor is almost impossible. However, multi-reactor systems provide individual control of each vessel, enabling the modification of the internal physicochemical conditions and the simulation of different parts of the GI.

Tubing can connect the vessels, while peristaltic pumps can move the content between bioreactors, recreating emptying and filling processes and avoiding potential contamination.

Another consideration when designing an experiment is whether to use static or semi-dynamic models. While the former is more cost-effective and straightforward, static models can oversimplify a system. Semi-dynamic simulations recreate more realistic conditions, particularly the gastric phase, and can account for gradual acidification and fluid dynamics. Implementation of standardized digestion simulation protocols

The diversity in digestion models and parameters presents a challenge when comparing results between studies.

Collaborative frameworks, such as INFOGEST, have encouraged the creation of simulation protocols to recreate realistic scenarios informed by research results and increase the reproducibility of experiments.

Such protocols provide structured approaches to simulating gastric, intestinal, and oral digestion phases, utilizing specific substrate ratios to digestive fluids.

Enzyme activity, the rate at which an enzyme transforms a substrate or generates a product, is a vital parameter to control. Recommended values should be provided in standardized protocols and are especially important for certain enzymes, including tripsine. Control of environmental parameters

Bioreactors provide ideal conditions for microbial cultures using a combination of probes for measuring conditions.

Automation systems monitor these measurements in real-time and initiate corrective measures to address fluctuations. For instance, pH may be regulated with an acid or base solution or by injecting gases such as CO2.

An in-depth understanding of the simulated conditions is fundamental to ensure that the process is an accurate representation.

Important physicochemical parameters include temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Other peculiarities of the GI must also be included, particularly the addition of simulated fluids, including gastric acid, saliva, and bile salts, as well as representative enzymes, such as pepsin and lipases, that are added at precise times. Choice of appropriate biological agents

The biological agents used in the simulation, such as enzymes, microbial communities, and artificial fluids, shape the experiment’s result.

Starting with the microbial inoculum, it is important to recognize that synthetic communities are easier to control and tend to produce more consistent outcomes. Nevertheless, it is well established that microbial diversity varies between individuals. However, the different taxa's functions are believed to be conserved. Therefore, natural microbial communities better represent the complexity of the human gut microbiome when conducting studies.

Image Credit: H.E.L Group

Enzymatic mixes, such as amylases, proteases, and lipases, are used throughout simulations at various points to replicate processes in each compartment of the GI tract.

All organisms, from bacteria to mammals, produce enzymes to aid digestion. However, their reaction and activity will vary under the same physicochemical conditions. As a result, human-derived enzymes produce the best results.

In cases where such enzymes are not viable due to limited availability or high costs, porcine and bovine are preferred substitutes. Incorporation of realistic physical conditions

Temperature is a critical parameter for life, and it is essential that it is controlled in the simulations. However, many other physical factors also need to be considered and replicated for the system to be reproducible.

The human body mixes content as it passes through the digestive system. Chewing in the oral cavity shreds solid contents, providing a higher surface area before entering the body, and peristaltic movements of the smooth muscle within the GI tract increase the mixing of the food bolus. The reactors are, therefore, equipped with means such as stirrers to ensure that the conditions in the vessel are similar to those in the GI.

In the digestive system, peristaltic muscle contractions also push the bolus down, and an effective way to replicate this during the simulations is by using peristaltic pumps to transfer the content of bioreactors. Science in the golden age of the gut microbiome

In this golden age of gut microbiome research, recent advances in gastrointestinal tract simulation can help researchers understand the complex microbial ecosystems within the human body and their profound impact on human health, disease, and behavior.

Image Credit: H.E.L Group

However, more controlled studies are required to ensure reproducible and reliable data. The methodologies discussed in this article are crucial for the effective in vitro simulation of the gastrointestinal tract. The article aims to equip researchers, clinicians, and enthusiasts with the tools needed to lead the way in this dynamic field.

The aim of the golden age is to go beyond scientific discoveries and apply them to human health. These methodologies help explore and expand existing knowledge around the role of the microorganisms associated with human health and disease, leading to a healthier future. About H.E.L Group

H.E.L develops and manufactures innovative scientific instruments and software designed to optimize the efficiency, safety and productivity of key processes in chemistry and biology applications.

The H.E.L team of 70 includes highly skilled process and software engineers, based at their extensive research and manufacturing facilities in the UK, as well as sales and support offices around the world.

H.E.L has a long history of solving complex challenges for customers. Since 1987, the Company has worked with businesses and laboratories globally, providing proprietary automated solutions for the pharma, biotechnology, chemical, battery and petrochemical sectors.

We continue to extend the reach of our products and service to support and enable R&D and process optimization further across Europe, the US, China and India.

H.E.L is accredited with ISO 9001 : 2015.

Sponsored Content Policy: News-Medical.net publishes articles and related content that may be derived from sources where we have existing commercial relationships, provided such content adds value to the core editorial ethos of News-Medical.Net which is to educate and inform site visitors interested in medical research, science, medical devices and treatments.

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Politics

Reform UK’s former Wales leader Nathan Gill jailed for accepting pro-Russian bribes

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Reform UK's former Wales leader Nathan Gill jailed for accepting pro-Russian bribes

The former leader of Reform UK in Wales has been sentenced to 10 and a half years after he admitted accepting tens of thousands of pounds in cash to make pro-Russian statements to the media and European Parliament.

Nathan Gill had “abused a position of significant authority and trust” and was “motivated by financial and political gain”, said Mrs Justice Cheema-Grubb during remarks at the Old Bailey on Friday.

Gill, 52, of Anglesey, North Wales, had previously pleaded guilty to eight counts of bribery between 6 December 2018 and 18 July 2019, corresponding to his time as an MEP.

Nathan Gill is surrounded by media as he arrives at the Old Bailey. Pic: PA
Image:
Nathan Gill is surrounded by media as he arrives at the Old Bailey. Pic: PA

The Old Bailey heard his activities were linked to pro-Russian statements about Ukraine while he was a member of the UK Independence Party (UKIP) and subsequently the Brexit Party.

Following an investigation by counter-terrorism police, officers said they believe Gill likely took a minimum of £40,000 in cash and was offering to introduce other British MEPs so they could be bribed. Officers also said they believed some individuals in this case had a direct link to Vladimir Putin.

Nathan Gill pleaded guilty to eight counts of bribery. Pic: Met Police
Image:
Nathan Gill pleaded guilty to eight counts of bribery. Pic: Met Police

Prosecutor Mark Heywood KC previously told the court the bribery offences related to Gill’s association with pro-Russian Oleg Voloshyn, who had been a Ukrainian government official before 2014 and was sanctioned by the UK in 2022.

Gill’s activities emerged in WhatsApp messages after he was stopped at Manchester Airport on 13 September 2021.

He was about to board a flight to Russia to be an observer in elections there.

Bundles of cash recovered

Police said the messages revealed Voloshyn had tasked Gill to make pro-Russian statements on a reward basis. Counter-terrorism officers said the text of some speeches was provided to Gill, which he delivered almost word-for-word.

In other cases, he was paid to offer commentary to news outlets, such as the pro-Russian media organisation 112 Ukraine.

A search of his home in Wales also uncovered thousands in euros and dollars.

Bundles of cash were recovered from Gill's home. Pic: Met Police
Image:
Bundles of cash were recovered from Gill’s home. Pic: Met Police

Pic: Met Police
Image:
Pic: Met Police

Greed ‘primary motivation’

Commander Dominic Murphy, head of the Metropolitan Police Counter Terrorism Command, described Gill as being motivated by money.

“It appears… greed was his primary motivation. But I think there’s an element of him that had a pro-Russian stance as well, but only he can answer that question, to be honest with you, he never told us that.”

Gill was interviewed in March 2022 and made no comment. He was charged and appeared in court in February 2025.

Gill said no comment when interviewed by officers in 2022. Pic: Met Police
Image:
Gill said no comment when interviewed by officers in 2022. Pic: Met Police


‘A grave betrayal of trust’

During sentencing, Mrs Justice Cheema-Grubb described Gill’s offending as “sophisticated” and “a grave betrayal of the trust vested in you by the electorate”.

She told him: “You accepted payments from foreign nationals, made statements on important international matters at their behest, utilised scripted material presented as your own, and orchestrated the involvement of other MPs.

“Your misconduct has ramifications far beyond personal honour, which is now irretrievably damaged. It erodes public confidence in democracy when politicians succumb to financial inducement.”

Gill was paid to offer commentary to pro-Russian media outlet, 112 Ukraine. Pic: Met Police
Image:
Gill was paid to offer commentary to pro-Russian media outlet, 112 Ukraine. Pic: Met Police

Other UK politicians at risk

Commander Murphy said that police were continuing to investigate other MEPs, including some from the UK.

“What we do know from the conversations with [Oleg] Voloshyn is that Nathan Gill actually offered his services to contact other MEPs, mostly UK MEPs, to also make statements that might be supportive of a Russian position in Ukraine,” he said.

He added: “I do believe that some of the individuals in this case do have direct connections to Vladimir Putin. And I have no doubt that if we were able to, we could follow this trail and it would lead straight to Moscow.”

Commander Dominic Murphy believes greed was Gill's primary motivation
Image:
Commander Dominic Murphy believes greed was Gill’s primary motivation

Gill led the Welsh wing of UKIP between 2014 and 2016 and was a member of the Senedd between 2016 and 2017.

He was an MEP between 2014 and 2020, but left UKIP in 2019 to join Nigel Farage’s Brexit Party – later Reform UK.

Political fallout after prison term

Police have confirmed Nigel Farage has not been part of this investigation, but political rivals have called on the Reform UK leader to launch a thorough investigation.

Defence minister Al Carns, a former colonel in the Royal Marines, said Gill’s actions were “a disgrace”. He added: “I just think wherever we see Russian influence in UK politics, it’s got to be weeded out.”

Read more from Sky News:
Zelenskyy reacts to peace plan
Europe cannot reject Trump’s plan
Britain warns Russia over spy ship

Meanwhile, Liberal Democrat leader Sir Ed Davey said “a traitor was at the very top of Reform UK”, referring to Gill, but also launched a direct attack on Mr Farage by calling him, and his party, “a danger to national security”.

“Nigel Farage himself was previously paid to be on Putin’s TV channel, Russia Today, and said he was the world leader he admires the most.

“We must all ask – where do his loyalties really lie? We need a full investigation into Russian interference in our politics,” he said.

Reform UK, which previously kicked Gill out of the party, said in a statement: “Mr Gill’s actions were reprehensible, treasonous and unforgivable. We are glad that justice has been served and fully welcome the sentence Nathan Gill has received.”

Liz Saville Roberts, Plaid Cymru’s Westminster leader, welcomed Gill’s jail sentence “for his acts of betrayal in taking bribes from Russia”.

In a statement, she said: “If the former Reform UK leader in Wales was part of a broader, co-ordinated effort to advance Moscow’s agenda within our democratic institutions, then the public deserves to know the full truth, and how far Russian money and influence reached into Nigel Farage’s inner circle.”

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Politics

Will the government be lowering energy bills in the budget – and will taxes have to rise?

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Will the government be lowering energy bills in the budget - and will taxes have to rise?

There is rampant speculation that the government might do something to bring down energy bills in the budget next week – but what could this look like, and will other taxes go up?

The high rates people pay for heating and electricity is becoming a more salient issue as temperatures drop, and the confirmation the price cap is rising will do nothing to help public opinion on the topic.

Energy bills are also rising as a direct result of government policy, including on net zero, with some criticising Energy Secretary Ed Miliband for his stalwart defence of the project.

Politics latest: Follow live updates

Technology Secretary Liz Kendall told Sky News that the government is looking at taking “more action” on the cost of living, when asked if bills were coming down.

In their election manifesto last year, Labour promised to get energy bills down by £300 by 2030. Here’s how this year’s budget could work towards that.

Remove VAT

More on Energy

Currently, bill payers have to fork out 5% of their charge in VAT.

This would be an easy target for the government if it wants to knock a lump off everyone’s bills, with estimates it could save people about £80 from their annual payments.

Read more:
‘No shortcut’ to cheaper bills, warns minister
Badenoch: ‘get Britain drilling again’

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What’s driving energy prices higher?

However, there are warnings that this cut would benefit those who spend more on energy more than the poorest households, as it is a percentage tax – which might draw criticism for not aligning with the government’s “working people” mantra.

And with budgets tight, it is unlikely the government would be able to find the estimated £2.5bn in savings from axing VAT on energy, so tax would need to be raised elsewhere to account for it.

Remove policy costs

As Sky News business and economics correspondent Paul Kelso pointed out with the announcement of the rising price cap, wholesale energy prices have fallen.

But household tariffs are going up because of government policy, according to Ofgem, Paul says, with taxpayers forking out for the Sizewell C nuclear power station, the warm homes discount and changes being made to the grid.

Some think tanks and action groups have called for these payments to be moved off bills and into general taxation – like with VAT – in a bid to make those with the “broadest shoulders” carry more of the burden.

Some estimates suggest moving policy payments off bills and to tax could save people again about £80 from their annual bill.

Combined with the VAT change, this leaves a potential for about £160 to be knocked off the average yearly bill – but the money would be raised elsewhere from the expected tax rises.

Changing net zero targets

The most unlikely measure is a change to the government’s net zero targets, but major changes to the policy could knock money off the average bill.

The cost of reaching net zero by 2030 – a key goal of Mr Miliband – is borne out in bills as the reform is being paid through levies of energy bills.

By delaying the 2030 target, it would allow costs to be spread over a longer period, with the trade-off being a longer period of time exposed to higher gas prices.

If this was imposed on Mr Miliband by the Treasury, it would raise speculation about whether he could continue as energy secretary.

Ed Miliband is championing net zero
Image:
Ed Miliband is championing net zero

There are a myriad of other problems with the energy system that are causing higher bill prices.

One is curtailment costs – about £40 a year of every bill is paid to green energy producers to stop them making electricity.

This is because the grid is so old it cannot transport power from areas like Scotland to the rest of the UK when a lot is being generated. This power also cannot be stored for reuse.

Follow Cheat Sheet here

The government is trying to resolve issues with the grid, but this is happening alongside net zero projects.

The Treasury does not comment on budget speculation.

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UK

Reform UK’s former Wales leader Nathan Gill jailed for accepting pro-Russian bribes

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Reform UK's former Wales leader Nathan Gill jailed for accepting pro-Russian bribes

The former leader of Reform UK in Wales has been sentenced to 10 and a half years after he admitted accepting tens of thousands of pounds in cash to make pro-Russian statements to the media and European Parliament.

Nathan Gill had “abused a position of significant authority and trust” and was “motivated by financial and political gain”, said Mrs Justice Cheema-Grubb during remarks at the Old Bailey on Friday.

Gill, 52, of Anglesey, North Wales, had previously pleaded guilty to eight counts of bribery between 6 December 2018 and 18 July 2019, corresponding to his time as an MEP.

Nathan Gill is surrounded by media as he arrives at the Old Bailey. Pic: PA
Image:
Nathan Gill is surrounded by media as he arrives at the Old Bailey. Pic: PA

The Old Bailey heard his activities were linked to pro-Russian statements about Ukraine while he was a member of the UK Independence Party (UKIP) and subsequently the Brexit Party.

Following an investigation by counter-terrorism police, officers said they believe Gill likely took a minimum of £40,000 in cash and was offering to introduce other British MEPs so they could be bribed. Officers also said they believed some individuals in this case had a direct link to Vladimir Putin.

Nathan Gill pleaded guilty to eight counts of bribery. Pic: Met Police
Image:
Nathan Gill pleaded guilty to eight counts of bribery. Pic: Met Police

Prosecutor Mark Heywood KC previously told the court the bribery offences related to Gill’s association with pro-Russian Oleg Voloshyn, who had been a Ukrainian government official before 2014 and was sanctioned by the UK in 2022.

Gill’s activities emerged in WhatsApp messages after he was stopped at Manchester Airport on 13 September 2021.

He was about to board a flight to Russia to be an observer in elections there.

Bundles of cash recovered

Police said the messages revealed Voloshyn had tasked Gill to make pro-Russian statements on a reward basis. Counter-terrorism officers said the text of some speeches was provided to Gill, which he delivered almost word-for-word.

In other cases, he was paid to offer commentary to news outlets, such as the pro-Russian media organisation 112 Ukraine.

A search of his home in Wales also uncovered thousands in euros and dollars.

Bundles of cash were recovered from Gill's home. Pic: Met Police
Image:
Bundles of cash were recovered from Gill’s home. Pic: Met Police

Pic: Met Police
Image:
Pic: Met Police

Greed ‘primary motivation’

Commander Dominic Murphy, head of the Metropolitan Police Counter Terrorism Command, described Gill as being motivated by money.

“It appears… greed was his primary motivation. But I think there’s an element of him that had a pro-Russian stance as well, but only he can answer that question, to be honest with you, he never told us that.”

Gill was interviewed in March 2022 and made no comment. He was charged and appeared in court in February 2025.

Gill said no comment when interviewed by officers in 2022. Pic: Met Police
Image:
Gill said no comment when interviewed by officers in 2022. Pic: Met Police


‘A grave betrayal of trust’

During sentencing, Mrs Justice Cheema-Grubb described Gill’s offending as “sophisticated” and “a grave betrayal of the trust vested in you by the electorate”.

She told him: “You accepted payments from foreign nationals, made statements on important international matters at their behest, utilised scripted material presented as your own, and orchestrated the involvement of other MPs.

“Your misconduct has ramifications far beyond personal honour, which is now irretrievably damaged. It erodes public confidence in democracy when politicians succumb to financial inducement.”

Gill was paid to offer commentary to pro-Russian media outlet, 112 Ukraine. Pic: Met Police
Image:
Gill was paid to offer commentary to pro-Russian media outlet, 112 Ukraine. Pic: Met Police

Other UK politicians at risk

Commander Murphy said that police were continuing to investigate other MEPs, including some from the UK.

“What we do know from the conversations with [Oleg] Voloshyn is that Nathan Gill actually offered his services to contact other MEPs, mostly UK MEPs, to also make statements that might be supportive of a Russian position in Ukraine,” he said.

He added: “I do believe that some of the individuals in this case do have direct connections to Vladimir Putin. And I have no doubt that if we were able to, we could follow this trail and it would lead straight to Moscow.”

Commander Dominic Murphy believes greed was Gill's primary motivation
Image:
Commander Dominic Murphy believes greed was Gill’s primary motivation

Gill led the Welsh wing of UKIP between 2014 and 2016 and was a member of the Senedd between 2016 and 2017.

He was an MEP between 2014 and 2020, but left UKIP in 2019 to join Nigel Farage’s Brexit Party – later Reform UK.

Political fallout after prison term

Police have confirmed Nigel Farage has not been part of this investigation, but political rivals have called on the Reform UK leader to launch a thorough investigation.

Defence minister Al Carns, a former colonel in the Royal Marines, said Gill’s actions were “a disgrace”. He added: “I just think wherever we see Russian influence in UK politics, it’s got to be weeded out.”

Read more from Sky News:
Zelenskyy reacts to peace plan
Europe cannot reject Trump’s plan
Britain warns Russia over spy ship

Meanwhile, Liberal Democrat leader Sir Ed Davey said “a traitor was at the very top of Reform UK”, referring to Gill, but also launched a direct attack on Mr Farage by calling him, and his party, “a danger to national security”.

“Nigel Farage himself was previously paid to be on Putin’s TV channel, Russia Today, and said he was the world leader he admires the most.

“We must all ask – where do his loyalties really lie? We need a full investigation into Russian interference in our politics,” he said.

Reform UK, which previously kicked Gill out of the party, said in a statement: “Mr Gill’s actions were reprehensible, treasonous and unforgivable. We are glad that justice has been served and fully welcome the sentence Nathan Gill has received.”

Liz Saville Roberts, Plaid Cymru’s Westminster leader, welcomed Gill’s jail sentence “for his acts of betrayal in taking bribes from Russia”.

In a statement, she said: “If the former Reform UK leader in Wales was part of a broader, co-ordinated effort to advance Moscow’s agenda within our democratic institutions, then the public deserves to know the full truth, and how far Russian money and influence reached into Nigel Farage’s inner circle.”

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