Understanding the general election: Postal votes to party promises – your ultimate guide

Published

2 years ago

May 25, 2024

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Rishi Sunak has called the next general election for Thursday 4 July.

It means the nation is preparing for its first polling day since 12 December 2019.

Here’s everything you need to know about the general election and how it’s going to work…

What is a general election for?

It’s a chance for people around the UK to choose the local MP who will represent their area – known as a constituency – for up to five years in the House of Commons.

There is a choice of several candidates in each constituency and there are 650 constituencies.

Most candidates are nominated by political parties, though some stand as independents.

There are 650 seats in the House of Commons, so if an MP wins in a constituency, they win that seat in the Commons.

How does it work?

We use something called the ‘first past the post’ voting system, which means MPs win seats if they get more votes than other candidates standing in their constituency.

The party that wins an overall majority of seats – so anything more than 326 MPs – wins the election and can form the next government.

People aged 18 or over in each constituency can vote once for their preferred candidate.

You can only have your say if you are registered to vote. For this election, the deadline to register is 11.59pm on 18 June. Read on for more on how to register – or check out our guide for everything you need on registering to vote.

How does this determine who becomes prime minister?

While you can’t vote for who you want to be prime minister directly, your vote in your local constituency contributes.

That’s because the political party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons at a general election forms the new government and its leader becomes prime minister.

What constituency are you in?

The July election will be fought on new boundaries, replacing the ones that have been in place since 2010.

There are 650 seats across England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Just one in 10 seats – 65 – have no change to their boundaries.

That means you may be in a different constituency compared to what you were in at the last general election.

That matters because you will be voting for the politician you want to represent your constituency in parliament.

Find out what constituency you will be voting in on 4 July, how it would have voted in 2019, and how the demographic make-up has changed by entering your postcode into our lookup here.

How do I register to vote?

You have to be aged 16 or over (or 14 or over in Scotland and Wales) to register to vote.

You must also be one of the following:

A British citizen
An Irish or EU citizen living in the UK
A Commonwealth citizen who has permission to enter or stay in the UK, or who does not need permission
A citizen of another country living in Scotland or Wales who has permission to enter or stay in the UK, or who does not need permission.

The easiest and quickest way to register is online.

Alternatively, you can use a paper form. You can do this by contacting your local Electoral Registration Office and asking them to post a form to you.

Or, you can print your own form off. You’ll then need to return the completed form to your local Electoral Registration Office.

Can everyone who registers to vote actually vote in the general election?

No – the criteria for registering to vote is different to the criteria for voting in a general election. That’s because you’re registering for different types of votes, like local elections, which have more lax rules than parliamentary votes.

For example, you can vote in a local election if you’re 16 or over in some areas, but you have to be 18 or over in order to vote in a general election. More on age restrictions can be found here.

Here are the other criteria for voting in the general election:

Must be registered to vote in the constituency
Must be either a British citizen, a qualifying Commonwealth citizen or a citizen of the Republic of Ireland
Cannot be subject to any ‘legal incapacity’ to vote – prisoners serving a sentence for a conviction cannot vote in UK parliamentary elections and neither can peers in the House of Lords.

Read our guide to registering to vote – including what it means to be added to the official electoral register.

How do I vote?

There are three options when it comes to voting. Whichever option you take, you must be registered to vote by the end of 18 June if you want to vote in this election.

You can vote in person at your local polling station on 4 July.

If you take this option, you’ll be sent a poll card just before an election or referendum telling you when to vote and at which polling station. It will usually be in a public building near your home, like a school or local hall.

You will be able to cast your vote any time between 7am and 10pm on the day.

Alternatively, you can vote by post. You can register to vote by post for any reason, including that you simply don’t want to go to a polling station on the day.

You can also vote by proxy, which is when someone unable to vote in person asks someone else to vote on their behalf.

For more on how to vote if you won’t be at home on polling day, read our guide to postal and proxy votes.

What happens on polling day?

Polls are open from 7am on polling day, Thursday 4 July.

You can only vote at the polling station allocated to your address.

This will be shown on your poll card. You can also enter your postcode on this website to find out where your polling station is.

You do not need to take your poll card to vote.

At the polling station, you will need to give your name and address to staff and show them your photo ID (more on the requirements for that below).

Then you will be given a ballot paper with a list of the candidates and what party they belong to.

You will vote for who you want to represent your constituency in the House of Commons – in other words, who you want your MP to be.

You vote for the candidate you want by putting a cross in the box next to their name.

There will be instructions in the polling booth telling you exactly what to do.

After you have marked your ballot paper, you fold the paper and put it in the ballot box.

For those leaving it late or who are delayed, such as by major events taking place on the same day, you must be inside the polling station or in a queue at the polling station by 10pm in order to be given a ballot paper and then vote, as laid out in rules in the Electoral Commission handbook.

What is the exit poll – and how accurate is it?

When voting closes at 10pm, the results of an exit poll are announced.

The exit poll is taken from a survey of voters in about 150 constituencies in England, Scotland and Wales that have been chosen to be demographically representative of the country.

As voters exit polling stations, they are asked who they voted for.

They mark who they voted for on a replica ballot paper and drop this in a box – replicating what they just did inside the polling station.

Analysts take these results, compare them to previous exit polls at the same polling stations and project how many seats each party will end up with once all the votes are counted.

Exit polls aren’t always perfect, but they tend to give an accurate indication of what the outcome will be.

In some years, they have predicted the winning party’s majority down to the exact number of seats – but there have been notable times exit polls have been wrong, including the 2015 exit poll that suggested a hung parliament, not a Conservative majority.

What happens when polls close?

After 10pm, once all votes are in, ballot boxes in all constituencies are taken to what’s known as a “count centre” – a large space like a community hall where counting can begin.

This is a lengthy process and goes on through the night.

Results come in throughout the night and by early morning, it is usually clear which party has the majority.

The final results tend to come in by late morning.

What is a hung parliament?

A hung parliament happens when no party has the 326 seats needed for the majority that allows them to govern outright.

Protocol means that the previous government generally remains in place while there is a period of negotiation as discussions take place to form a coalition.

It can take several weeks before parties strike an agreement to form a coalition.

If the incumbent government is unable to form a coalition big enough to rule, they may either resign and the largest opposition party may be invited to form a government, or they may try to continue to govern as a minority government.

What is the process with the new PM?

The prime minister is technically appointed by the monarch rather than the public, but the monarch honours democracy by appointing them based on which party wins the general election.

If the current government retains a majority in the new parliament after an election, it will continue in office and resume normal business.

If the election results in a clear majority for a different party, the prime minister already in office and government will immediately resign, and the King will invite the leader of the party that has won the election to form a government.

When does the new prime minister (or re-elected one) walk into Number 10?

Prime ministers, by tradition, get to move into the iconic 10 Downing Street. And of course, prime ministers who retain their role get to remain there.

It has three functions: it’s the official residence of the PM, it’s their office, and it is also the place where they entertain guests.

There isn’t a set time when a prime minister needs to move in. In fact, there is no requirement for them to move in at all if they don’t wish to.

But they do always operate at Number 10 in some capacity, even if it’s just used as their office or a place to entertain guests.

In recent times, when a prime minister has resigned or lost an election, they tend to be photographed with their families at Downing Street shortly after results are in and then drive to Buckingham Palace (or another royal residence) to formally resign.

They often make a speech outside the property’s famous black door before they leave.

New prime ministers generally go there on the same day and make a speech of their own, before entering Number 10 to applause from staff.

What are the rules on voter ID?

This will be the first general election where voters will need to take photo ID to the polling station.

There are 22 different types of ID you can use – you can find a list in our full guide to the voter ID rules.

The ID can be out of date, as long as it still looks like you and the name is the same one used to register to vote.

If you don’t have any of the accepted forms of ID, you can register for a Voter Authority Certificate.

The deadline is 26 June, and you must have already registered to vote.

If you’re voting as someone’s proxy, you need to take your own ID – not theirs.

What is tactical voting?

You may have heard the term through friends and family who are considering the best way to use their vote.

Based on what we’ve covered so far, it may sound like your only option is to vote for whichever candidate you believe will best represent your constituency.

But tactical voting is a less conventional way of voting, and is often used when someone feels their preferred candidate has little chance of getting the most votes in their constituency.

Essentially, it’s when you vote for a political party or person that you wouldn’t usually support in order to prevent another party or person from winning.

The two main ways of doing this are:

Vote swapping – where you agree to vote for a party on someone else’s behalf, and they’ll vote for your preferred party in their constituency
Least worst option – where you would select a different party to vote for in your constituency which you consider to be the best of the rest.

Want to know more? Read more in our guide to tactical voting.

What are the key issues the election will be fought over?

Rishi Sunak will be hoping to use the improving economic outlook to make a case that the nation should stick with him, while Sir Keir Starmer will attack the Tories’ 14-year record in government to make the case for change.

Here’s a rundown of the main battlegrounds – with more detail in our full guide to election issues.

Economy

Rishi Sunak will point to inflation coming down and recent tax cuts as signs the Conservatives are the safest hands, while hints about further tax cuts will be used to woo voters.

Labour will argue its strict fiscal rules will help bring down debt and grow the economy, likely pointing to rising food and energy bills and the mortgage chaos triggered by Liz Truss’s mini-budget.

NHS and social care

Rishi Sunak made cutting NHS waiting lists one of his main pledges, committing record funding of nearly £165bn – but a huge backlog remains.

There is also a crisis in dentistry and social care leaders have warned that rising demand and staffing issues have brought the system to its knees.

Labour’s headline pledges include promising to cut waiting times with thousands of extra appointments each week and creating shared waiting lists so hospitals can pool resources.

Immigration

Mr Sunak staked his premiership on a promise to “stop the boats” and the government’s Rwanda Bill finally became law last month – but the decision to call a summer election means planes won’t take off before people go to the polls.

Sir Keir Starmer has pledged to scrap the deal and use the money instead for a new Cross Border Police Unit to tackle small boat crossings.

Education and childcare

Education is a key dividing line between the two main parties. One of Labour’s flagship policies is to end tax breaks enjoyed by private schools to raise £1.7bn to invest in state schools.

Childcare, too, is a divisive issue. Labour has committed to keeping the government-extended free provision, but has said there are not enough staff to match the places.

Housing

The Tories pledged in their election manifesto to build 300,000 new homes a year by the mid-2020s, but that has not been achieved and the figure watered down in December 2022.

Labour has vowed to be on the side of “builders not blockers” and has announced its ambition to create 1.5 million new homes through the creation of “new towns”.

The government’s flagship renters reform and leasehold reform bills will not make it into law before the election. Labour has backed both pieces of legislation but wants to go further and says it will abolish no-fault evictions.

Crime

The criminal justice system faces major issues, with prisons overflowing, knife crime on the rise, a record-high crown court backlog, and prosecutions at an all-time low.

The Conservatives have announced plans for tougher sentences for the most serious criminals and measures to force offenders to appear in the dock.

Labour have promised to be “tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime” with pledges to fund more community police officers and give parents classes to handle anti-social behaviour.

How to watch on Sky News

Sky News will have live coverage and an award-winning line-up, bringing you everything as soon as it happens, with commentary and analysis to help you digest key developments.

Chief presenter Kay Burley will anchor Election Night Live, with analysis from Greater Manchester mayor Andy Burnham and the former leader of the Scottish Conservatives, Baroness Ruth Davidson.

They will be joined by Sky News’ political editor Beth Rigby, the presenter of our Sunday breakfast show Sir Trevor Phillips, and data and economics editor Ed Conway.

From 7am on the morning after the vote, lead politics presenter Sophy Ridge, will be live from Westminster, joined by deputy political editor Sam Coates and Sky News contributor Adam Boulton.

Watch on TV:

Freeview 233, Sky 501, Virgin 603, BT 313, YouTube and the Sky News website and app.

Streams and social:

Watch Sky News live here, and on YouTube.

We will also be posting the latest videos and stories on TikTok, X, Instagram, Facebook and WhatsApp.

Listen:

Listen to Sky News on TuneIn, and here.

UK

Warnings of NHS ‘disruption and delays’ as resident doctors in England begin strike

Published

5 hours ago

December 17, 2025

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Warnings of NHS 'disruption and delays' as resident doctors in England begin strike

Resident doctors across England begin a five-day strike this morning over pay and jobs, marking the 14th walkout by them since March 2023.

It coincides with the record number of flu cases in England and NHS leaders warning of a “huge strain on hospitals” and strikes causing “further disruption and delays”.

Resident doctors are striking in England from 7am today until 7am on Monday 22 December.

Sir Keir Starmer called the action “irresponsible” while Health Secretary Wes Streeting has rejected the British Medical Association’s (BMA) pay demands, accusing the union of a “shocking disregard for patient safety”.

But the BMA insists its strike is “entirely avoidable” and has demanded a “credible offer” to avert “real-terms pay cuts”.

Why are resident doctors on strike?

The government says resident doctors have already received an average pay rise of 28.9% over the past three years (2023-24 to 2025-6).

But the BMA has been demanding an additional 26% pay uplift to restore what they say amounts to erosion in their earnings, once inflation is taken into account. Although there is some dispute about the extent of the real terms fall, because of the BMA’s use of the Retail Price Index (RPI) in its calculation.

Hopes that the strike could be averted were dashed on Monday when the BMA said 83% of resident doctors rejected a fresh proposal from the government.

While it did not include any extra pay, the offer included the fast expansion of specialist training posts; covering out-of-pocket expenses such as exam fees; and offering to extend the union’s strike mandate to enable any walkout to be rescheduled to January.

What if I need urgent medical care?

The Department of Health and Social Care says it is important people do not avoid seeking urgent care, and should use 999 if it is a serious or life-threatening emergency. For everything else, there is NHS 111 or the NHS App.

It adds that patients should turn up for planned appointments unless they have been told otherwise. Any appointments that need to be rescheduled will be given priority.

During strikes, there are exemptions or special arrangements, called derogations, which allow certain essential services to continue operating. It means critical services will be maintained to ensure patient safety and prevent serious harm.

How much do resident doctors earn?

There are many different types of resident doctor in England with different levels of pay. Full Fact, which has crunched the numbers, said they currently earn between £38,831 and £73,992 a year, but that does not take into account extra pay for unsociable hours.

Full Fact states that resident doctors typically get between a quarter and a third more than their basic salary from other sources.

This takes estimated average earnings (in the year ending August 2025) to between £45,846 and £81,061 (although the government claims the figures are more like £49,000 to £97,000).

Comparisons with other countries are difficult because of how doctors are categorised. Broadly, resident doctors in England earn about the same as those in Ireland and anything between 1% less and 26% more than in New Zealand.

But doctors in Australia earn somewhere between 23% and 48% more than their counterparts in England.

BMA rejects offer despite Streeting’s attack

Wes Streeting took a risky line of attack. He put an offer of more jobs to the BMA.

And while that offer was being considered he went on the offensive.

He warned the NHS would collapse if the resident doctors carried on with their strikes during a record flu season.

He repeated that line throughout last weekend when doctors were voting on whether to call off the strikes.

The BMA responded by accusing Streeting of “scaremongering”. In the end, 83.2% of those who took part in the poll rejected the government’s offer.

Senior NHS consultants gave interviews saying flu season was bad, but to be expected, and with the same contingency planning that happens every summer (off flu season) the NHS would cope.

The BMA will argue that Streeting can make the resident doctors his scapegoat for an NHS that will struggle again this winter.

They rejected that idea completely. And now they have rejected his offer.

What has the reaction been?

The prime minister has said the strike comes “on the back of a very substantial pay increase in the last year or so”.

“I think it’s irresponsible action by the BMA,” he told MPs.

The health secretary called for doctors to ignore the strike and criticised what he called the “fantasy demand for another 26% pay rise,” adding that “it reveals the BMA’s shocking disregard for patient safety”.

Dr Jack Fletcher, chairman of the BMA’s resident doctors’ committee, said the strikes were “entirely avoidable”. He added that “we should start negotiating, and the government should stop game-playing”.

But organisations representing NHS trusts have been scathing about the walkouts. Daniel Elkeles, chief executive of NHS Providers, said: “Trust leaders and staff will be working now to minimise the impact of the strike, but sadly it will mean further disruption and delays.”

Meanwhile, Rory Deighton, acute and community care director at the NHS Confederation, said: “These strikes come at the worst possible time, with rapidly rising flu levels putting huge strain on hospitals.”

What about public support for strikes?

Public support for the strikes is low, according to a YouGov poll released last week.

The results showed 58% of those asked either somewhat or strongly opposed the industrial action, while 33% somewhat or strongly supported it.

UK

How ‘red mist’ led Paul Doyle to plough into Liverpool parade crowd – as violent past revealed

Published

20 hours ago

December 16, 2025

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How 'red mist' led Paul Doyle to plough into Liverpool parade crowd - as violent past revealed

The dashcam footage from Paul Doyle’s Ford Galaxy, as he ploughs his way through the crowd at the Liverpool parade, is chilling.

Bodies are thrown left and right, people disappear under the front of the car, for a few seconds some appear to be clinging to the bonnet, terror on their faces.

The sound is equally graphic. The screaming and the shouting from outside of the car. And the thumps: as people bang on the car to get Doyle to stop, and as people are hit by it.

Men, women and children hit. A bike, a baby’s pram.

Throughout those couple of minutes, Doyle lays on the car’s horn, the parking sensors beep constantly, and he shouts.

“F***ing hell, move,” he repeats. “Get out the f***ing way”, “f***ing move”, “get off the f***ing road, you f***ing p***k”.

Those words, prosecutors say, reveal the truth – that Doyle knew he was driving at people.

He was jailed for 21 years and six months – with Judge Andrew Menary KC telling Doyle he acted in an “inexplicable and undiluted fury” when he drove into the crowds.

The judge told him his “disregard for human life defies ordinary understanding”.

“Your actions caused horror and devastation on a scale not previously encountered by this court,” he said.

“The footage is truly shocking… it shows you, quite deliberately, accelerating into groups of fans time and time again.

“You struck people head-on, knocked others onto the bonnet, drove over limbs, crushed prams and forced those nearby to scatter in terror.”

Follow latest as Paul Doyle is sentenced

“In my 20 years of policing, this is the most graphic and distressing footage I have ever encountered,” said Detective Chief Inspector John Fitzgerald, the senior investigating officer for Merseyside Police.

“Doyle’s total disregard for the safety of others – particularly the many young children present on Dale Street and Water Street that day – is beyond comprehension. It is sheer luck that no lives were lost.”

In the end, that dashcam footage was never shown to a jury as Doyle pleaded guilty on the day his trial was due to begin. The footage will not be released to the public due to its graphic nature.

What motivated his rampage?

“I think Doyle was just determined to get to where he wanted to get to, and there was no stopping him no matter who was in his way,” said DCI Fitzgerald.

“He clearly got angrier and angrier as the dashcam footage rolls on. He was yelling profanities at the people in his way.

“He just clearly got red mist.

“I do not believe that Doyle deliberately set out his journey to injure people on that day, but his actions were deliberate.”

Ex-soldier helped stop attack

Doyle was only stopped by the bravery of former soldier Dan Barr. He managed to climb into the back seat of the car when Doyle briefly paused.

“It was desperation to get him stopped, determination to stop him by whatever means, I think that’s what was going through my head,” Mr Barr said.

“He accelerated off, the door slammed shut and I’d gone from the total chaos of panic and screaming to the relative silence as he’s accelerated off and you can just hear the people being hit and run over.

“It was horrendous, and I could see people’s faces. I could see the looks of them trying to plead but wasting their time, that’s all they could do because there was nowhere to go to get out of the way.

“I do remember seeing he had an automatic and therefore P for park was right at the end so I thought I’ll just jam that forward as far as I could that should stop him, and it did.”

Without Mr Barr’s actions, police say, Doyle would have carried on. They have described him as a hero.

“I don’t think I am,” Mr Barr said. “I think it is standard.

“Who wouldn’t, if they could have, done what I did? I can’t think of anyone, especially on that street.”

It has come at a cost.

“I don’t think I have processed it, to be honest with you,” Mr Barr said.

“I’m not the same since that day. I’m not doing great but I’m getting there.”

By the time it was all over, 134 people had been injured, including two babies and six other children.

Tens of thousands of Liverpool fans had been on the streets of the city on that spring bank holiday Monday to celebrate the club’s Premier League triumph.

Doyle had driven to the parade to collect a friend he had earlier dropped off there. On his way into the city, his dashcam had recorded him driving erratically, undertaking other cars and running a red light.

But police say there had been no sign earlier that day of what could have triggered his rage.

Doyle’s violent past

It can now be revealed that Doyle has previous convictions for assault.

In the early 1990s, while serving in the Royal Marines, he was convicted of biting off part of someone’s ear during a fight in a pub. He was discharged from the military at that time.

Police say they believe Doyle is a fan of Liverpool’s city rivals Everton, but that this was not a factor in what happened on 26 May.

In police interviews, Doyle claimed he acted in fear and panic because someone in the crowd with a knife had opened his car door. Investigators say they spoke to 1,500 witnesses and no one else mentioned seeing a knife.

He also claimed he stopped when he hit the first person. In fact, he had hit more than 100 before stopping. His claims, prosecutors say, were lies.

As the incident unfolded, many of those who were there shared their first thoughts.

Debbie Blair said: “People were just screaming, ‘It’s a terrorist, it’s a terrorist, he might have a gun, he might have a knife’.”

“Next minute people were all screaming, ‘kill him, kill him’,” she said.

Her son Mike was with her. Images of car attacks on Christmas markets in Europe, he said, flashed through his mind. His greatest concern was the number of children there.

“It was carnage, total carnage,” he said.

He was treated in hospital for injuries that still affect him.

“It shouldn’t have happened. But for someone to intentionally do that, it’s quite sick really.”

Police say Doyle has never shown any remorse for his actions. He told officers: “I’ve ruined my family’s lives.”

What he did on 26 May, prosecutors say, devastated lots of people’s lives.

UK

Russia trying to ‘bully’ UK and allies with attacks under threshold of all-out war, MI6 chief says

Published

1 day ago

December 15, 2025

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Russia trying to 'bully' UK and allies with attacks under threshold of all-out war, MI6 chief says

Russia is trying to “bully, fearmonger and manipulate” the UK and its allies with attacks under the threshold of all-out war, the new head of MI6 has said.

Blaise Metreweli, the first female chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), said Britain was “operating in a space between peace and war” and that everyone has a responsibility to understand the dangers because “the frontline is everywhere”.

In her first big speech on Monday, she also focused on Vladimir Putin’s devastating war in Ukraine, accusing him of “dragging out negotiations” on a peace deal and warning that Kyiv’s fate is “fundamental not just to European sovereignty and security but to global security”.

Offering her view on the evolution of global security threats, Ms Metreweli underlined the transformative role of technology, from artificial intelligence to quantum computing.

She said control over such advanced technologies is shifting from states to corporations and even individuals, making the balance of global power more “diffuse, more unpredictable”.

The spymaster did not name anyone.

However, innovators such as Elon Musk are becoming increasingly influential, with their technologies such as his Starlink satellites and his social media site X.

The boss of MI6 was speaking at her agency’s headquarters in London, though she said that the main work of her spies was carried “many miles away from this place – out of sight, hidden from the world, undercover, recruiting and running agents who choose to place their trust in us, sharing secrets to make the UK and the world safer”.

She warned the world was “more dangerous and contested now than it has been for decades”.

The spy chief said: “Conflict is evolving and trust eroding, just as new technologies spur both competition and dependence.

“We are being contested from sea to space – from the battlefield to the boardroom. And even our brains as disinformation manipulates our understanding of each other and ourselves… We are now operating in a space between peace and war.

“This is not a temporary state or a gradual evolution. Our world is being actively remade with profound implications for national and international security.”

Breaking with a tradition by previous chiefs of offering a view on a range of threats when speaking publicly, Ms Metreweli said she was choosing to focus on Russia.

“We all continue to face the menace of an aggressive, expansionist and revisionist Russia, seeking to subjugate Ukraine and harass NATO,” she said.

On the conflict, she said Putin was “dragging out negotiations and shifting the cost of war on to his own population”.

Her comments come as Donald Trump is attempting to broker a peace deal between Moscow and Kyiv.

General Oleksandr Syrskyi, the head of Ukraine’s armed forces, told Sky News in an interview earlier this month that he believed Putin was using the US push for negotiations as “cover” while Russian troops attempted to seize more land by force.

The MI6 boss said the UK’s support for Ukraine would endure regardless of Moscow’s stalling actions.

She also flagged a growing wave of “grey zone” hostilities – deliberately carried out under the threshold of conventional armed conflict – that she attributed to Moscow.

“It’s important to understand their [Russia’s] attempts to bully, fearmonger and manipulate because it affects us all,” she said.

“I am talking about cyber attacks on critical infrastructure. Drones buzzing airports and bases. Aggressive activity in our seas, above and below the waves. State-sponsored arson and sabotage. Propaganda and influence operations that crack open and exploit fractures within societies.”

While she did not specify any particular incidents, there have been a spate of mysterious drone sightings in Denmark, Germany and Sweden; while a Russian spy ship was spotted off the coast of Scotland and acts of arson and sabotage have been carried out in the UK, such as a blaze at a warehouse in east London that was providing aid to Ukraine.

Drawing attention to another method to attack a country and its people, Ms Metreweli underlined how information is being weaponised, with falsehoods spread online that are designed to erode trust in a society and amplify divisions.

“The export of chaos is a feature not a bug in this Russian approach to international engagement and we should be ready for this to continue until Putin is forced to change his calculus,” she said.

MI6, she said, is adapting to respond to the evolving threats.

But unusually Ms Metroweli also said the wider British public had a role to play, such as with schools helping to educate children to spot disinformation on social media and to check sources of news “and be alive to those algorithms that trigger intense reactions like fear”.

She added: “It also means everyone in society really understanding the world we are in – a world where… the frontline is everywhere. Online, on our streets, in our supply chains, in the minds and on the screens of our citizens.”

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Join us for this unique event exploring how the UK might respond in a moment of national crisis and get a rare, unfiltered glimpse into how prepared the country truly is for war.