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Summer is finally here, holidays are on the horizon and bottles of sunscreen are being dusted off from the back of the bathroom cupboard. 

This is often the time of the year when we start thinking about skin protection – even if we know it should be a year-round concern.

Some of the UK’s most popular sunscreens have failed safety tests, offering far less protection than promised.

But from UVA and UVB to SPF, what do all the acronyms on the bottle mean – and what’s important for protecting your skin?

Here is what you need to know.

What is the difference between UVA and UVB?

There are two main types of UV (ultraviolet) rays in sunlight – UVA and UVB.

A simple way to remember the difference is that A is for ageing and B is for burning.

UVB reaches the outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, causing most sunburn.

UVA gets deeper and it is associated with ageing. It damages the collagen and elastin in the skin and causes wrinkles.

Both types of UV can damage the DNA in our skin cells and cause skin cancer.

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What is SPF?

SPF stands for Sun Protection Factor and the number represents how much UVB it allows to reach your skin.

A sunscreen with SPF15 allows one-fifteenth of the sun’s UVB rays in, or about 7%.

The amount of UV rays filtered depends on the level of SPF.

• SPF15 blocks 93% of UVB rays
• SPF30 blocks 96.7% of UVB rays
• SPF50 blocks 98% of UVB rays

The numbers can be used as a guide to how long you are protected from burning, compared to if you weren’t wearing an SPF sunscreen.

So if you would normally burn after 10 minutes, and you’re wearing SPF30, you could – in theory – spend around five hours in the sun with a reduced risk of sunburn (because 10 x 30 = 300 minutes).

However, that calculation should be taken with a pinch of salt, because no sunscreen actually blocks 100% of UV rays. That is reflected in the fact that in the EU, the maximum SPF rating is 50+.

The calculation is also based on the sunscreen being applied exactly as directed.

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Pic: PA

What is the star rating?

While the SPF rating will tell you how well a suncream protects against UVB, star ratings are the indicator for UVA protection.

You should look for a high star rating of four or five stars, according to Cancer Research UK, or “UVA” in a circle, which indicates it meets the EU’s minimum standard.

What is the UV index?

The UV index tells you how strong the sun’s rays are – the higher the number, the stronger it is.

On a scale of 1 to 9+, a rating of three or more indicates the sun is strong enough to cause damage and you should use sun protection.

UV rays are generally strongest between 11am and 3pm and can be strong enough to damage your skin from mid-March to mid-October in the UK, even if it’s cold or cloudy.

You can check the UV index on weather forecasting websites or apps or by searching online.

Read more from Sky News:
Supermarket branded sunscreen beats top cosmetic firms
Melanoma skin cancer cases at all-time high in UK

How does sunscreen actually work?

There are two types of UV filters and sunscreens often contain a combination.

Mineral sunscreen ingredients include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, which act as a physical barrier that reflects and scatters UV rays away from the skin.

Chemical sunscreen ingredients include aminobenzoic acid, avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, and oxybenzone.

These absorb the UV rays so they don’t damage your skin.

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Cancer Research UK’s tips for applying sunscreen:

• Use a lotion, pump-spray or roll-on over an aerosol, as the coverage from aerosols can be patchy and thin.

• Put enough on, applying sunscreen evenly and thickly.

• Reapply regularly, even if your sunscreen says it’s “once a day” or “water resistant”.

• Don’t rely on SPF in moisturiser or make-up, as often these products don’t give enough protection on their own.

• Check the expiry date on your sunscreen to make sure it’s still providing protection.

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Royal Family ‘deeply saddened’ by Liverpool parade incident

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Royal Family 'deeply saddened' by Liverpool parade incident

The King and other members of the Royal Family have said they are “deeply saddened” after a number of people were struck by a car during Liverpool FC’s title parade.

The monarch said he and the Queen were “deeply shocked and saddened” by Monday’s incident in the city.

The head of state, who is currently on a two-day visit in Canada with his wife, said: “It is truly devastating to see that what should have been a joyous celebration for so many could end in such distressing circumstances.

“At this heartbreaking time for the people of Liverpool, I know that the strength of community spirit for which your city is renowned will be a comfort and support to those in need.”

Liverpool parade latest: ‘All you heard was screaming,’ witness says

Fans left the area as police and emergency personnel deal with the incident.
Pic: AP
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Police and other emergency personnel at the scene of the incident in Liverpool. Pic: AP

The Prince and Princess of Wales have also issued a statement, saying they were “deeply saddened” by what happened in Liverpool.

William, who is patron of the Football Association, and his wife Kate said in a message shared by Kensington Palace on social media: “What should have been a joyful celebration ended with tragedy.

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“Our thoughts are with those who were injured and to the first responders and emergency services on the ground.”

Meanwhile, the Princess Royal visited the Royal Liverpool University Hospital on Tuesday, where she met medical staff who treated some of the 47 people injured when a vehicle hit fans attending the parade.

The Princess Royal thanked medical staff from the hospital team. Pic: PA
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The Princess Royal thanked hospital staff. Pic: PA

Divisional medical director for surgery at Aintree University Hospital, Marc Lucky, told Princess Anne that medics were “very, very fortunate” that there were not more major injuries.

Consultant Jay Rathore added: “Most of the injuries were limb injuries. No life-threatening, we were able to manage them.”

The princess was already due to be in Liverpool on Tuesday to visit the MS Queen Anne after it arrived on Monday for Cunard’s 185th anniversary celebrations.

Read more about Liverpool incident:
What we know so far after dozens injured
Eyewitnesses describe shock and sadness

The royals attended an event showcasing the cultural heritage and diversity of Canada. Pic: PA
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The King and Queen are currently on a trip to Canada. Pic: PA

She expanded her itinerary to also meet nurses, consultants, and paramedics, as well as representatives from Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service and the football club, in light of Monday night’s incident.

“We really appreciate you still coming, because it will mean a lot to the people of the city,” Liverpool City Council leader Liam Robinson said as he thanked the princess for her visit.

A Buckingham Palace spokesman said: “The princess would like to share her heartfelt condolences and support for the families and communities affected.

“Her Royal Highness also wishes to acknowledge the courage of the emergency services, some of whom she met today, and all those providing care and comfort during this difficult time.”

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King says Canada will remain ‘strong and free’ despite facing ‘unprecedented’ challenges

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King says Canada will remain 'strong and free' despite facing 'unprecedented' challenges

King Charles says Canada will remain “strong and free” – in a speech viewed by many Canadians as a show of support for the country’s sovereignty following annexation threats by Donald Trump.

It comes after Mr Trump repeatedly suggested that Canada should become America’s 51st state.

Prime Minister Mark Carney later invited Charles, who is the head of state in Canada, to the state opening of parliament.

On Tuesday, Charles said in a speech, written by Mr Carney’s government to open Canada’s parliament, that the country would remain “strong and free”, quoting the national anthem, but did not directly refer to Mr Trump’s annexation threats.

“We must face reality: since the Second World War, our world has never been more dangerous and unstable. Canada is facing challenges that, in our lifetimes, are unprecedented,” the King told politicians in the Senate Building in Ottawa in French.

“Many Canadians are feeling anxious and worried about the drastically changing world around them,” he added.

Mark Carney applauds the King. Pic: PA
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Mark Carney applauded the King. Pic: PA

King Charles speaks with former Canadian PM Justin Trudeau. Pic: PA
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King Charles spoke with former Canadian PM Justin Trudeau. Pic: PA

In the speech, he highlighted his admiration for “Canada’s unique identity, which is recognised across the world for bravery and sacrifice in defence of national values”.

He set out the government’s legislative agenda on the second day of his Canada visit, an honour usually reserved for the governor general.

King Charles is only the second monarch, after his mother Queen Elizabeth II, to do so. The late queen delivered the speech at the state opening of the Canadian parliament in 1957, her first visit to the country as head of state, and again in 1977.

King Charles and Queen Camilla ride in a horse-drawn landau, accompanied by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Pic: Reuters
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King Charles and Queen Camilla were riding in a horse-drawn landau. Pic: Reuters

King Charles III and Queen Camilla arrive ahead of the opening of parliament. Pic: PA
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King Charles III and Queen Camilla are pictured ahead of the opening of parliament. Pic: PA

Charles and Camilla laid a wreath at the national war memorial in Ottawa. Pic: PA
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Charles and Camilla laid a wreath at the national war memorial in Ottawa. Pic: PA

He said that it has been nearly 70 years since his mother first opened the Canadian parliament, and at the time, World War II remained a painful memory while the Cold War was intensifying simultaneously.

“Freedom and democracy were under threat,” the King said.

“Today, Canada faces another critical moment. Democracy, pluralism, the rule of law, self-determination, and freedom are values which Canadians hold dear, and ones which the government is determined to protect.”

‘So much more than a royal visit’

This trip was so much more than a royal visit, it was all about cementing Canada’s sovereignty.

And what we’ve seen is two short days, poignantly packed with spectacle and symbolism.

From an open-top carriage procession to a theatrical political ceremony – Canada wanted to put on a visual show of sovereignty, and this was a masterclass.

All the stops were pulled out.

The King must sit above politics, but this was a very political visit. He is King of Canada and head of state here.

But he arrives at a time of fractious relations between Canada and the US.

Putting him at the centre of Canada’s parliament sends a strong signal to President Trump.

During the speech, the King added his own warm words, speaking with deep affection about the country. He also spoke of how the crown brings Canada “unity” and represents “stability and continuity”.

And then, reading the words of his government, a punchy message to President Trump. Delivered by the King, the words hit home harder.

When he quoted the national anthem with the words Canada must stay “strong and free”, the applause rose up.

At a time when Canada feels threatened by the US, having the King on side matters.

The King has been walking a delicate diplomatic tightrope in Ottawa. Here to celebrate Canada, without causing offence to politicians south of the border.

President Trump can be unpredictable, but he affectionately holds the King and Royal Family in high regard, and that goes a long way.

The King heads home after just twenty-three hours.

Canada has been visibly boosted – the bond with its King has been renewed and strategically strengthened.

He added that since Queen Elizabeth II’s first Canadian parliament opening, the country “has dramatically changed: repatriating its constitution, achieving full independence, and witnessing immense growth”.

Addressing the protection of Canada’s sovereignty, Charles read out a promise by the Canadian government that it would rebuild, rearm and reinvest in its armed forces.

“It will invest to strengthen its presence in the north, as this region, which is an integral part of the Canadian nation, faces new threats,” he read.

King Charles and Queen Camilla are led by procession to open the first session of the 45th Parliament of Canada
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King Charles and Queen Camilla were led by procession to open the first session of parliament in Canada

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers on horseback ride towards the Senate of Canada  Building on the day of Britain's King Charles' visit, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Pic: Reuters
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Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers on horseback rode towards the senate building. Pic: Reuters

King Charles and Queen Camilla  visit the Senate.
Pic: Reuters
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King Charles and Queen Camilla visited the Senate. Pic: Reuters

The speech, which was awarded a standing ovation by attendees, was largely written by officials working for Mr Carney’s government, with Charles adding his own comments about his love for Canada.

The King opening Canada’s parliament is a “clear message of sovereignty” and “not coincidental”, Mr Carney previously said.

Read more from Sky News:
Carney: Canadians facing ‘biggest crisis’ of their life
Canada will ‘never be part of US’, country’s PM says

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King’s Canada visit: Why is it important?

King Charles and Mark Carney
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King Charles and Mark Carney during the event

He also revealed that Canadians “weren’t impressed” by the decision of the UK government to offer Mr Trump an unprecedented second state visit to the UK.

Mr Carney said the invitation Sir Keir Starmer handed to the US president earlier this year “cut across clear messages” that the Canadian government was trying to send to the White House in response to their threats against Canada’s sovereignty, including Mr Trump’s idea for it to be America’s 51st state.

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‘I wish I’d never met him’: Peter Mandelson ‘regrets’ association with Jeffrey Epstein

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'I wish I'd never met him': Peter Mandelson 'regrets' association with Jeffrey Epstein

Peter Mandelson, the UK ambassador to the United States, has told Sky News he “regrets” his association with paedophile Jeffrey Epstein.

Lord Mandelson‘s links to the late billionaire were exposed in a 2019 report by JP Morgan bank, filed in a New York court.

Epstein killed himself in August of that year while awaiting trial on charges of sex trafficking minors.

He had previously served an 18-month sentence after pleading guilty to procuring a person under the age of 18 for prostitution.

Whilst serving that sentence, the JP Morgan report suggests that Mr Mandelson stayed at Epstein’s Manhattan flat.

Epstein wrote to his private banker on 17 June 2009: “Peter will be staying at 71st over weekend…”

At the time, Lord Mandelson was the Business Secretary in the UK government under then-Prime Minister Gordon Brown. He was appointed UK ambassador to the United States in December 2024.

Jeffrey Epstein. File pic: New York State Sex Offender Registry via AP
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Jeffrey Epstein. File pic: New York State Sex Offender Registry via AP

Sky News asked him if he did, indeed, stay at Epstein’s flat while the disgraced financier was in jail.

He replied: “I’m not answering any questions about him. My knowledge of him is something I regret, I wish I’d never met him in the first place.”

Asked why he had an association with Epstein whilst he was in jail, Lord Mandelson replied: “Why did many people meet him? He was a prolific networker. And I wish I’d never met him in the first place.”

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As US ambassador, Lord Mandelson represents Britain’s interests in Washington and has vowed to treat Donald Trump‘s administration with “respect, seriousness and understanding of where they are coming from politically”.

This comes after Lord Mandelson described the US president as a “danger to the world”, for which he apologised earlier this year.

He told the Alain Elkann Interviews podcast in 2019: “What Donald Trump represents and believes is an anathema to mainstream British opinion.”

President Donald Trump, center, with from l-r., Vice President JD Vance, and Britian's ambassador to the United States Peter Mandelson, making remarks on a trade deal between U.S. and U.K. in the Oval Office of the White House, Thursday, May 8, 2025, in Washington. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci)
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US President Donald Trump, vice president JD Vance, and UK ambassador to the US Peter Mandelson. Pic: AP

Mr Mandelson added: “Even those who have a sneaking admiration for Donald Trump because of his personality, nonetheless regard him as reckless, and a danger to the world.”

But in January this year, Lord Mandelson said he now considered his remarks “as ill-judged and wrong”.

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