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Government borrowing rose to the highest amount since the pandemic in July, official figures show, as public sector pay increased.

Not since 2021 has there been a July with such high borrowing, according to data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS).

It means there was a £3.1bn difference between what the government took in from things such as taxes and how much was spent on public sector services. The government has committed to borrowing only to invest and to bring down debt.

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The sums are also higher than expected when looked at across a four-month period.

Independent forecasters the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) expected borrowing to be £4.7bn less and come in at £46.6bn. Instead, it reached £51.4bn.

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Sky’s business correspondent Paul Kelso has been analysing what cuts chancellor Rachel Reeves has announced and whether tax rises are inevitable.

Why has borrowing gone up?

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While the government took in more money from income tax – that was offset by the increased cost of public services and benefits.

It’s been attributed to higher-than-forecast spending by government departments, which the OBR said “appears related to strong growth in public sector pay”.

The trend of government spending is expected to continue.

“Data on central government spending remain highly provisional at this time of year. Nevertheless, they indicate that departmental spending for 2024-25 could significantly exceed the March 2024 forecast,” the OBR said.

The cost of borrowing that debt, measured by interest payments, was reduced, the ONS added.

What does it mean?

Despite better-than-expected economic growth in recent weeks Chancellor Rachel Reeves is widely expected to raise some taxes in her first October budget having said there is a £22bn black hole in the public finances.

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Today’s figures and comments from the Treasury are likely to add to that expectation as they illustrate the difficult choices Ms Reeves faces.

“Today’s figures are yet more proof of the dire inheritance left to us by the previous government,” chief secretary to the Treasury Darren Jones said.

“A £22bn black hole in the public finances this year, a decade of economic stagnation, and public debt at its highest level since the 1960s, with taxpayers’ money being wasted on debt interest payments rather than on our public services.

“We are taking the tough decisions that are needed to fix the foundations of our economy, modernise our public services and rebuild Britain so we can put more money back into people’s pockets across the country”.

Data released last week, however, showed an economy in good health with lower inflation and unemployment and greater growth than had been expected.

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Post Office weighs asset sales or borrowing to meet postmaster pay target

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Post Office weighs asset sales or borrowing to meet postmaster pay target

The Post Office is considering selling assets or taking on new borrowings to help deliver an ambition to boost sub-postmasters’ pay by £120m this year, its chairman has said.

Sky News has learnt that Nigel Railton, who was confirmed as the state-owned company’s long-term chair last week, told thousands of branch managers that it had ring-fenced £86m so far to increase their remuneration.

In a speech delivered in Chesterfield, Mr Railton is understood to have told sub-postmasters that the Post Office’s board was redoubling its efforts to meet the target of up to £120m for pay rises.

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The company was exploring options including additional cost-savings, further asset sales, sale-and-leaseback opportunities, and borrowing options, he told them.

One source said Mr Railton had said on Wednesday morning that without actions already taken by Post Office management, sub-postmasters would be left with pay increases this year of just 2%, rather than the 20% it had now secured.

The progress towards its £120m target comes just three months after the Post Office chairman was forced to deliver a bleaker prognosis to thousands of sub-postmasters keen to have their faith restored in the scandal-hit company.

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In March, Mr Railton said he had yet to gain certainty from Whitehall about a £120m increase for this year.

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Call to sue govt over delays

“Our funding discussions are positive and ongoing, but I want to be honest that we are operating in a challenging financial environment,” he told them at the time.

The Post Office is reliant on funding from the government, and last November outlined plans for an ambitious transformation of its business, which includes a substantial number of job cuts.

It remains hopeful of making up the £34m shortfall to reach its £120m target, according to insiders, as it seeks to rebuild its public and internal reputation in the aftermath of the Horizon IT scandal.

A Post Office spokesman confirmed Mr Railton’s remarks on Wednesday.

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Elon Musk calls Donald Trump-backed tax bill a ‘disgusting abomination’

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Elon Musk calls Donald Trump-backed tax bill a 'disgusting abomination'

Elon Musk has criticised US President Donald Trump’s tax and spending bill, calling it “outrageous” and a “disgusting abomination”.

The bill, which includes multi-trillion-dollar tax breaks, was passed by the House Republicans in May, and has been described by the president as a “big, beautiful bill”.

The tech billionaire hit out at the tax cuts on his platform X, writing: “I’m sorry, but I just can’t stand it anymore.

“This massive, outrageous, pork-filled Congressional spending bill is a disgusting abomination.

“Shame on those who voted for it: you know you did wrong. You know it.”

President Donald Trump and Tesla CEO Elon Musk talk with to reporters near Tesla vehicles on the South Lawn of the White House Tuesday, March 11, 2025, in Washington. (Pool via AP)
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Elon Musk left his ‘special government employee’ role last week. Pic: AP.

In American politics, “pork” is a political metaphor used when government spending is allocated to local projects, usually to benefit politicians’ constituencies.

Musk left the administration abruptly last week after working to cut costs with his team, the newly formed Department of Government Efficiency – known as DOGE – with the ambition of sacking federal workers and cutting red tape.

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The White House brushed Musk’s comments aside, claiming they did not surprise the president.

In a press conference on Tuesday, press secretary Karoline Leavitt said that “the president already knows where Elon Musk stood on this bill”.

She added: “This is one, big, beautiful bill.

“And he’s sticking to it.”

The White House on Tuesday asked Congress to cut back $9.4bn in already approved spending, taking money away from DOGE.

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What did Musk achieve at DOGE?

The billionaire tweeted: “It will massively increase the already gigantic budget deficit to $2.5 trillion (!!!!) and burden American citizens with crushingly unsustainable debt.”

He also suggested voting out politicians who advanced the president’s tax bill.

“In November next year, we fire all politicians who betrayed the American people,” Musk wrote in another X post.

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How Musk’s mission to cut government spending fell flat

Last Thursday, Musk revealed on X that his scheduled time as a “special government employee” was coming to an end.

Before the news broke, Musk’s father told Sky News his son was “not a very good politician”.

But speaking to Gillian Joseph on The World, Errol Musk insisted there was “no rift between Elon and Donald Trump”.

Musk’s time at DOGE was controversial, with drastic cuts to America’s humanitarian efforts sparking particular criticism.

Questions have also been raised about whether the department has actually saved taxpayers as much money as suggested.

Musk initially had ambitions to slash government spending by $2trn (£1.5trn) – but this was dramatically reduced to $1trn (£750bn) and then to just $150bn (£111bn).

U.S. President Donald Trump speaks as Elon Musk carries X Æ A-12 on his shoulders in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington, D.C., U.S., February 11, 2025.   REUTERS/Kevin Lamarque     TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY
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Elon Musk brought his son X Æ A-12 to the Oval Office during a press conference earlier this year. Pic: Reuters.

The 53-year-old, who famously brought his son X Æ A-12 to the Oval Office, also expressed frustration about resistance to his ideas and clashed with other senior members of the Trump administration.

He recently told The Washington Post: “The federal bureaucracy situation is much worse than I realised. I thought there were problems, but it sure is an uphill battle trying to improve things in DC to say the least.”

By law, status as a “special government employee” means he could only serve for a maximum of 130 days, which would have ended around 30 May.

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Trade war: UK exemption from 50% steel tariffs is conditional, Trump warns

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Trade war: UK exemption from 50% steel tariffs is conditional, Trump warns

The UK’s exemption from a doubling of duties on most US steel and aluminium imports is dependent on the ratification of May’s trade pact between the two countries, the White House has warned.

Tariffs of 50% were imposed on all shipments from early on Wednesday morning, except those arriving from UK shores which will still be subject to a 25% rate.

Donald Trump decided to “provide different treatment” to the UK as he doubled down on the rates that had been in place since March as part of his early trade war salvoes which are designed to encourage more domestic production.

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White House economic adviser Kevin Hassett said of the move: “We started at 25 and then after studying the data more, realised that it was a big help, but more help is needed and so that is why the 50 is starting.”

The decision to spare UK products from the hike currently amounts to a reprieve of just over a month, however, as the clock ticks down to a US deadline of 9 July.

That is when wider “Liberation Day” tariff pauses for US trading partners could be applied.

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President Trump’s executive order said of the UK’s situation: “On or after July 9, 2025, the Secretary may adjust the applicable rates of duty and construct import quotas for steel and aluminium consistent with the terms of the EPD [economic prosperity deal], or he may increase the applicable rates of duty to 50 percent if he determines that the United Kingdom has not complied with relevant aspects of the EPD”.

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How good is the UK-US deal?

Even if the trade pact agreed with the UK was to be fully enacted by that time, quotas within that agreement could still technically mean that a higher rate will apply in future.

The government of Sir Keir Starmer has said it is continuing to work with US officials to agree the terms.

A spokesperson said: “The UK was the first country to secure a trade deal with the US earlier this month and we remain committed to protecting British business and jobs across key sectors, including steel as part of our Plan for Change.

“We’re pleased that as a result of our agreement with the US, UK steel will not be subject to these additional tariffs. We will continue to work with the US to implement our agreement, which will see the 25% US tariffs on steel removed.”

The UK steel industry was cautious in its own response, while welcoming the reprieve.

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PM defends UK-US trade deal

Gareth Stace, the director general of UK Steel, said: “Continued 25% tariffs will benefit shipments already on the water that we were concerned would fall under a tax hike.

“However, uncertainty remains over timings and final tariff rates, and now US customers will be dubious over whether they should even risk making UK orders.

“The US and UK must urgently turn the May deal into reality to remove the tariffs completely.”

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