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Prince Harry has turned 40 – spending his birthday in his new California home, where he lives with his wife Meghan and his children Archie and Lilibet.

This is a look at his life – from newborn baby to cheeky toddler, from teenager to man.

Harry was born on 15 September 1984 at St Mary’s Hospital, London.

1984: The Prince and Princess of Wales leave hospital with Harry
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The Prince and Princess of Wales leave hospital in London with baby Harry in 1984. Pic: PA

As a young boy he was close to his mother Lady Diana and older brother William.

The Princess of Wales holds son Prince Harry while royal families posed for photographers at the Royal Palace, Majorca, Spain on Sunday, August 9, 1987. Prince Charles and Princess Diana with their two children William and Henry are spending a week’s vacation on the island as guests of King Juan Carlos and his family. (AP Photo/John Redman)
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A young Harry on holiday in Majorca with his mother in 1987. Pic: AP

Princes William and Harry, from the personal photo album of the late Diana, Princess of Wales
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A photo of the two brothers that appeared in the personal album of their mother, Diana, Princess of Wales

Princess Diana with Prince Harry and Prince William in Niagara Falls in 1991. Pic: AP
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Princess Diana with Harry and William on a trip to Niagara Falls in 1991. Pic: AP

His parents divorced in 1996 – and Harry’s life changed forever when Lady Diana died in a car crash in Paris in 1997.

Harry, then aged 12, and William walked behind her coffin as it proceeded through the streets from Kensington Palace to Westminster Abbey.

Harry later said no child “should be asked to do” what they did.

From left: Prince Philip, Prince William, Earl Spencer, Prince Harry and Prince Charles walk outside Westminster Abbey during the funeral procession for Princess Diana. Pic: AP
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Princes Harry and William joined family members during the funeral procession for their mother Diana. Pic: AP

Prince William and Prince Harry during their mother's funeral
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Prince William and Prince Harry during their mother’s funeral in September 1997. Pic: PA

After the death of Diana, Harry became even closer to William.

Harry said of William when he turned 21: “Ever since our mother died, obviously we were close, but he is the one person on this earth who I can actually really… we can talk about anything.”

The Princes in 2003
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Harry and William leaving church in Sandringham on Christmas Day in 2003. Pic: PA


Prince Harry, Zara Phillips and Prince William outside the Guildhall.
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Prince Harry with Prince William and his cousin Zara Tindall after his father’s wedding to Queen Camilla in 2005. Pic: PA

A young Prince Harry with Spice Girls Mel B, Emma and Victoria in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1997
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A teenage Prince Harry with Spice Girls Mel B, Emma, and Victoria in Johannesburg in 1997


Prince Harry at Eton College in 2003. Pic: Reuters
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Prince Harry during his school years at Eton College in 2003. Pic: Reuters

The Duke of Sussex spent 10 years in the army, including two frontline tours to Afghanistan, and is patron of the Invictus Games Foundation, which supports veterans’ recovery through sports competitions.

Britain's Prince Harry speaks during an interview with media at Camp Bastion, southern Afghanistan in this photograph taken December 12, 2012, and released January 21, 2013. The Prince, who is serving as a pilot/gunner with 662 Squadron Army Air Corps, is on a posting to Afghanistan that runs from September 2012 to January 2013. Photograph taken December 12, 2012. REUTERS/John Stillwell/Pool (AFGHANISTAN - Tags: MILITARY POLITICS SOCIETY MEDIA ROYALS CONFLICT)
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At Camp Bastion, southern Afghanistan, in 2012. Pic: Reuters

Britain's Prince Harry cleans the kitchen work-top during his 12 hour VHR (very high ready-ness) shift, at the British controlled flight-line in Camp Bastion southern Afghanistan in this photograph taken November 3, 2012, and released January 22, 2013. The Prince, who is serving as a pilot/gunner with 662 Squadron Army Air Corps, is on a posting to Afghanistan that runs from September 2012 to January 2013. Photograph taken November 3, 2012. REUTERS/John Stillwell/Pool (AFGHANISTAN - Tags: MILITA
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In the kitchen at Camp Bastion in 2012. Pic: Reuters

Prince Harry had a long relationship with Chelsy Davy.

Prince Harry and Chelsy Davy (right) met in early 2004 while she at Stowe School, and were an on-again, off-again couple until May 2010
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Prince Harry and Chelsy Davy were an on-again, off-again couple until May 2010. Pic: Reuters

The Duke of Sussex was best man at his brother’s wedding – and worked with William and Kate on joint projects, including raising awareness for mental health problems.

His brother's wedding. Pic: AP

He undertook public duties during the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee in 2012, including travelling to Belize, Bahamas and Jamaica.

Britain's Prince Harry, right, and Olympic sprint champion Usain Bolt pose for photographers doing Bolt's landmark gesture after a mock race in Kingston, Jamaica, Tuesday March 6, 2012. The Prince is in Jamaica as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour in honor of Queen Elizabeth II who celebrates 60 years on the throne. His visit comes as the new prime minister, Portia Simpson Miller, has called anew for the severing of ties with the British monarchy. (AP Photo/Collin Reid)
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With Usain Bolt in March 2012. Pic: AP

The Duke of Sussex walks through a minefield in Dirico, Angola, during a visit to see the work of landmine clearance charity the Halo Trust. Pic: PA
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The Duke of Sussex following in Diana’s footsteps, walking through a minefield in Angola, to see the work of landmine clearance charity the Halo Trust. Pic: PA

Harry started dating Meghan Markle after a blind date in 2016. They first appeared in public together at the Invictus Games in Toronto in September 2017.

Prince Harry and Meghan Markle were first pictured together as a couple when they watched Wheelchair Tennis at the 2017 Invictus Games in Toronto, Canada
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Prince Harry pictured with Meghan Markle for the first time at the 2017 Invictus Games in Toronto. Pic: PA

Prince Harry said he knew Meghan was “the one” when they announced their engagement two months later.

Prince Harry and Meghan Markle
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The couple announce their engagement in the grounds of Kensington Palace in November 2017

Prince Harry and Meghan Markle. Pic: Alexi Lubomirski
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Official engagement photo from 2017. Pic: Alexi Lubomirski

Millions watched when Harry and his bride tied the knot in a fairy-tale wedding at Windsor Castle in May 2018.

Prince Harry and Meghan Markle kiss
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The couple kiss after their wedding ceremony on the steps of St George’s Chapel, Windsor, in May 2018. Pic: Reuters

And it was smiles all around when the Royal Family gathered on the Buckingham Palace balcony that summer.

FILE - In this Tuesday, July 10, 2018 file photo Britain's Queen Elizabeth II, and Meghan the Duchess of Sussex and Prince Harry watch a flypast of Royal Air Force aircraft pass over Buckingham Palace in London. Prince Harry and Meghan Markle are to no longer use their HRH titles and will repay ..2.4 million of taxpayer's money spent on renovating their Berkshire home, Buckingham Palace announced Saturday, Jan. 18. 2020. (AP Photo/Matt Dunham, File)
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Prince Harry and Meghan Markle with the late Queen Elizabeth II on the Buckingham Palace balcony in 2018. Pic: AP

Months later, the Sussexes headed to Australia for their first tour as a married couple – and Meghan revealed she was pregnant.

Prince Harry and Meghan in Australia in 2019. Pic: AP
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Prince Harry and Meghan in Australia in 2019. Pic: AP

Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor was born in May 2019.

 Prince Harry and Meghan with their newborn son Archie in 2019. Pic: AP
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Prince Harry and Meghan with their newborn son Archie in 2019. Pic: AP

Prince Harry with his son Archie
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Prince Harry with his son Archie during his Christmas break in Canada in late-2019. Pic: PA

Prince Charles, Prince Harry and Archie
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Baby Archie with his father and grandfather at his christening in 2019. Pic: Sussex Royal/Instagram

In 2020, the Sussexes took Archie to Africa for their first royal tour as a family of three.

Britain's Prince Harry and his wife Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, holding their son Archie, meet Archbishop Desmond Tutu at the Desmond & Leah Tutu Legacy Foundation in Cape Town, South Africa, September 25, 2019. REUTERS/Toby Melville/Pool
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Harry and Meghan with Archie in 2019. Pic: Reuters

But shortly thereafter, Harry dropped a bombshell statement: The Sussexes quit as “senior royals” and wanted to be “financially independent”.

Prince Harry and the Duchess of Sussex attend The Endeavour Fund Awards in London earlier this year in March (Pic: Samir Hussein/WireImage)
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At an awards ceremony in London in March 2020 after the couple announced they were stepping back from royal duties. Pic: Samir Hussein/WireImage

The family moved to California – and gave an explosive interview to Oprah Winfrey.

Meghan famously said “concerns” had been raised about baby Archie’s skin colour before he was born and she had suicidal thoughts during her time in the Royal Family.

Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, and Prince Harry speak in their interview with Oprah Winfrey
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Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, and Prince Harry in their interview with Oprah Winfrey

Their second child, Princess Lilibet, was born in 2021.

Harry, Archie, Meghan and Lilibet. Pic: Alexi Lubomirski
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Harry, Archie, Meghan and Lilibet. Pic: Alexi Lubomirski

Lilibet at an 'intimate and casual backyard picnic' for her birthday. Pic: Misan Harriman
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Lilibet at an ‘intimate and casual backyard picnic’ for her birthday. Pic: Misan Harriman

That same year, Harry and William unveiled a statue dedicated to their mother Lady Diana. The brothers released a joint statement to honour their mother’s memory, but the rift between them remained.

Prince William and Prince Harry at the unveiling of Princess Diana's statue at Kensington Palace
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Prince William and Prince Harry at the unveiling of Princess Diana’s statue at Kensington Palace

Harry came back to the country for the funeral of Prince Philip in 2021.

According to Harry, following their grandfather the Duke of Edinburgh’s funeral in September 2021, Charles had asked the brothers: “Please, boys – don’t make my final years a misery.”

But those who hoped for reconciliation were disappointed.

Harry and William speak following Prince Philip's funeral
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Harry and William at Prince Philip’s funeral in April 2021

The “Fab Four”, as they were once known, were briefly reunited when Queen Elizabeth II died in 2022.

FILE - From left, Kate, the Princess of Wales, Prince William, Prince of Wales, Prince Harry and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex walk to meet members of the public at Windsor Castle, following the death of Queen Elizabeth II on Thursday., in Windsor, England, Saturday, Sept. 10, 2022.  Prince Harry and his wife, Meghan, are expected to vent their grievances against the monarchy when Netflix releases the final episodes of a series about the couple...s decision to step away from royal duties and make a new start in America.(Kirsty O'Connor/Pool Photo via AP, File)
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Kate, William, Harry and Meghan meet members of the public at Windsor Castle following the death of Queen Elizabeth II

At the Coronation of his father, he took a back seat, and flew back quickly after the ceremony.

(left to right 3rd and 4th row) The Duke of York, Princess Beatrice, Peter Phillips, Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi, Zara Tindall, Princess Eugenie, Jack Brooksbank, Mike Tindall and the Duke of Sussex, (left to right 2nd row) the Earl of Wessex, Lady Louise Windsor, the Duke of Gloucester, the Duchess of Gloucester, the Princess Royal Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence, Prince Michael of Kent, Princess Michael of Kent, (1st row) the Prince of Wales, Princess Charlotte, Prince Louis, the Princess of Wales and
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The royals at the King’s coronation

Britain's Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, leaves Westminster Abbey following the coronation ceremony of Britain's King Charles and Queen Camilla, in London, Britain May 6, 2023. REUTERS/Toby Melville/Pool
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Harry leaves Westminster Abbey following the coronation ceremony. Pic: Reuters

Harry published his best-selling memoir Spare. There has also been a Netflix documentary looking at the Sussexes’ life.

A person holds a copy of the newly released autobiography from the Duke of Sussex, titled Spare, at Waterstones Piccadilly, London, as it goes on sale to the public for the fist time. Picture date: Tuesday January 10, 2023.
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Harry’s autobiography titled Spare. Pic: PA

Prince Harry was interviewed by host Stephen Colbert about his new memoir Spare. Pic: CBS via AP
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Prince Harry was interviewed by host Stephen Colbert about his new memoir Spare. Pic: CBS via AP

Duke and Duchess of Sussex kissing in a kitchen
PIC:Netflix
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The Duke and Duchess of Sussex kissing in a kitchen. Pic: Netflix

Harry has waged a war against tabloids, which he claims have obtained information about his life illegally.

The Duke of Sussex leaving the Rolls Buildings in central London after giving evidence in the phone…
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The Duke of Sussex leaving the Rolls Buildings in central London after giving evidence in the phone hacking trial against Mirror Group Newspapers

Recently, the couple travelled to Nigeria.

Pic: AP
Prince Harry and Meghan gesture as they visit children at the Lights Academy in Abuja, Nigeria, Friday, May 10, 2024.  Prince Harry and his wife Meghan have arrived in Nigeria to champion the Invictus Games, which he founded to aid the rehabilitation of wounded and sick servicemembers and veterans. (AP Photo/Sunday Alamba)
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Harry and Meghan in Abuja, Nigeria, in May. Pic: Reuters

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‘We’re living a life sentence’: Family of man killed by psychiatric patient demand answers

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'We're living a life sentence': Family of man killed by psychiatric patient demand answers

A grief-stricken family has told Sky News they want “someone to take accountability” for the death of Lewis Stone, a retired butcher who was killed by a secure psychiatric unit patient released 10 days earlier.

In her first TV interview, Mr Stone’s step-daughter Vicki Lindsay said they were calling for an internal NHS Trust report to be made public so that lessons can be learned.

“The thought of anybody going through what we’ve gone through for the last six years… We’re living a life sentence,” she said.

On 28 February 2019, Lewis Stone was where he loved being most – the remote town of Borth on the west coast of Wales near Aberystwyth. It’s where he and his wife, Elizabeth, had a holiday home and planned to retire.

Vicki Lindsay, Lewis Stone’s step-daughter
Lewis Stone was fatally stabbed on 28 February 2019 by David Fleet, has been sectioned under the Mental Health Act after admitting manslaughter with diminished responsibility. Lewis' family are demanding Hywel Dda health board reveals details of internal NHS Trust report into Fleet's mental health treatment. Pics sourced from Joshi VT
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Lewis’s step-daughter, Vicki Lindsay, says the family wants an apology and accountability

That morning, Lewis left for his daily pre-breakfast walk with his beloved dog Jock along the River Leri and never came home.

He had been stabbed multiple times, and despite repeated attempts to save his life, he died in hospital three months later.

Lewis’s killer, David Fleet, was sectioned under the Mental Health Act after admitting manslaughter with diminished responsibility.

More on Mental Health

Sentencing, Judge Paul Thomas QC said Lewis had been in the wrong place at the wrong time.

Lewis’s family disagrees: “I just want somebody to say, ‘Yes, we messed up, we’re sorry. It doesn’t change things but we’re sorry’.

“We’ve had none of that. Mum’s had nothing, no support, she’s had nothing. That’s all we want, an admission.”

Elizabeth Stone (wife); Vicki Lindsay, Lewis Stone’s step-daughter; Lewis Stone
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Elizabeth and Lewis Stone, with their step-daughter Vicki Lindsay (centre), in happier times

Lewis Stone and Sammy (Granddaughter) , 
Lewis Stone was fatally stabbed on 28 February 2019 by David Fleet, has been sectioned under the Mental Health Act after admitting manslaughter with diminished responsibility. Lewis' family are demanding Hywel Dda health board reveals details of internal NHS Trust report into Fleet's mental health treatment. Pics sourced from family via mark.thompson@sky.uk
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Lewis Stone and his grand-daughter Sammy

Fleet was suffering from paranoid schizophrenia at the time of the attack and told psychiatrists if he had not stabbed Mr Stone, the voices in his head “were going to kill him”.

Four months earlier, he had been detained under the Mental Health Act, but despite concerns raised by his own family, it was decided he should be treated at home.

The Hywel Dda health board told Sky News they don’t intend to release the internal report into Fleet’s care.

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Sharon Daniel, the Interim Executive Director for Nursing, Quality and Patient Experience, said: “The Duty of Candour for patients came into force in Wales in April 2023. At the time of this incident and concern, we fulfilled our duties to be open.”

When asked if they would be willing to apologise to both affected families, Ms Daniel said: “In the event of serious incidents, we have robust processes in place for reviewing internally, identifying any issues, and where appropriate preparing an improvement plan to prevent such an occurrence in the future. We regret such incidents and always seek to learn from them.”

In February, victims’ families in Nottingham won their fight for an NHS review into the care of paranoid schizophrenic Valdo Calocane, who killed three people, to be made public. It exposed a catalogue of errors and systemic failings.

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In February, Sky’s Sarah-Jane Mee spoke to two mothers of two people killed by paranoid schizophrenic Valdo Calocane

The family’s adviser and former NHS lawyer Radd Seiger, who also advised the Nottingham families, told Sky News the two cases have striking similarities: “Sunlight is the best disinfectant when there are problems in the NHS.

“Let’s have these things out in the open. Yes, they’re uncomfortable, but that’s the only way the NHS is going to learn from its mistakes.

“It’s no good them marking their own homework in private where journalists, or lawyers, or families don’t get to scrutinise these things because we see that these things keep happening over and over and over.”

David Fleet’s family declined an opportunity to speak to Sky News for this report.

The Welsh government said: “We are fully committed to openness and transparency in line with the Duty of Candour to ensure lessons are learned. We have also invested in improving both the quality and safety of mental health care in Wales.”

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Local elections: From where they are to what they’re all for – your ultimate guide

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Local elections: From where they are to what they're all for - your ultimate guide

A host of local and mayoral elections will be taking place across England on Thursday 1 May – the first voting day since the general election last year.

There will also be a new Member of Parliament.

Here is everything you need to know – from what’s at stake to how you can vote.

Local elections

There will be local elections in 23 of England’s 317 local authorities on 1 May.

Some are slightly different to others, depending on the type of authority.

Here is the full list:

County councils

• Cambridgeshire
• Derbyshire
• Devon
• Gloucestershire
• Hertfordshire
• Kent
• Lancashire
• Leicestershire
• Lincolnshire
• Nottinghamshire
• Oxfordshire
• Staffordshire
• Warwickshire
• Worcestershire

Unitary authorities

• Buckinghamshire
• Cornwall
• County Durham
• North Northamptonshire
• Northumberland
• Shropshire
• West Northamptonshire
• Wiltshire

Metropolitan district

• Doncaster

The Isles of Scilly, which has a unique governance structure, is also holding a local election of its own.

Additionally, about 1,270 parish councils will be holding elections.

What is the difference between the types of authorities?

A county council is part of a two-tier local government system, taking care of things that affect the whole county, such as:

• Education
• Transport
• Planning
• Fire and public safety
• Social care
• Libraries
• Waste management
• Trading standards

They work alongside the other, lower-tier councils – district, borough or city – that take care of things on a smaller scale, such as:

• Rubbish collection
• Recycling
• Council tax collections
• Housing
• Planning applications

A unitary authority is a one-tier local government, where the services of a county council and the other smaller councils listed above are combined.

A metropolitan district has a council that oversees all services, similar to a unitary authority – but has a mayor with a role similar to that of local councils.

The mayors for Doncaster and North Tyneside are single authority, making them the political leader of the council and leaving them responsible for delivering local council services.

Metro mayors chair combined authorities made up of several local councils.

Metro mayor election

There are six mayoral elections taking place on 1 May, two of which are the first ever in their areas.

One of them is for the West of England, where the current mayor is Dan Norris, who was elected as a Labour MP when he defeated Jacob Rees-Mogg to win the seat of North East Somerset and Hanham in last year’s general election.

Labour MP Dan Norris suspended. File pic: PA
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Labour MP Dan Norris. File pic: PA

Mr Norris, who has been mayor since 2021, has to vacate the role because the Labour Party introduced rules to prevent serving MPs from standing as mayoral candidates.

There is another mayoral election in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, while the first mayors for Hull and East Yorkshire and Greater Lincolnshire will be chosen after devolution deals were agreed in 2023, bringing together local councils in both areas to create larger authorities.

There will also be elections for the next mayor of Doncaster and North Tyneside.

New MP for Runcorn and Helsby

A by-election is also being held in Runcorn and Helsby after Labour’s Mike Amesbury agreed to stand down following his conviction for punching a man in the street.

Amesbury, who was suspended from the Labour Party, was jailed on 24 February for 10 weeks after he pleaded guilty to assault by beating of 45-year-old Paul Fellows in Main Street, Frodsham, Cheshire, in the early hours of 26 October.

However, following an appeal, his sentence was suspended for two years.

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Amesbury steps down as MP

His resignation means Karen Shore, the deputy leader of Cheshire West and Chester Council, will run for Labour in the by-election, while the Conservatives are putting forward Sean Houlston, a membership services manager for the National Federation of Builders, and Sarah Pochin, a former Cheshire East councillor, is Reform’s candidate.

Amesbury came first in Runcorn and Helsby with 22,358 votes at the 2024 general election – equating to 52.9% of the electorate.

Reform UK came in second with 7,662 votes (18.1%) and the Tories in third with 6,756 votes (16%).

Outcomes could have significant national impact

The elections will be the first big test of all the parties since the general election, which fundamentally redrew the UK’s political landscape with a new world of multiparty politics.

The Tories have the most to lose as they hold 20 of the 23 local authorities up for grabs on 1 May.

And for the first time in a long time, Labour and the Conservatives are facing a genuine threat from other parties.

YouGov conducted exclusive polling for Sky News to get a sense of how the country was feeling ahead of the elections, surveying 2,178 adults in the UK on 6 and 7 April.

Here is the voting intention poll:

• Labour: 24% (no change)
• Reform UK: 23% (no change)
• Conservatives: 22% (+1)
• Liberal Democrats: 17% (+3)
• Green Party: 9% (-2)

It suggests that Nigel Farage’s Reform UK could be Labour’s closest competitor, with Kemi Badenoch trailing as she leads the Conservatives through elections for the first time, while the Lib Dems have closed the gap on the three top parties.

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How do I register to vote?

You have until 11.59pm on Friday to register to vote if you haven’t already.

You must be aged 16 or over (or 14 or over in Scotland and Wales) to register to vote – but to vote for a new MP you must be at least 18.

You can register if you are:

• A British citizen
• An Irish or EU citizen living in the UK
• A Commonwealth citizen who has permission to enter or stay in the UK, or who does not need permission
• A citizen of another country living in Scotland or Wales who has permission to enter or stay in the UK, or who does not need permission
• You can be an overseas voter if you previously lived in the UK and are a British citizen.

The easiest and quickest way to register is online.

Alternatively, you can use a paper form – though it may be too close to the deadline for you to complete this by the deadline.

You can do it by contacting your local Electoral Registration Office and asking them to post a form to you. Or you can print your own form off. You’ll then need to return the completed form to your local Electoral Registration Office.

How can I cast my vote?

There are three ways to vote:

In person at your local polling station

You’ll be sent a poll card just before an election or referendum telling you when to vote and at which polling station. It will usually be in a public building, such as a school or local hall, near your home.

You can only vote at the polling station allocated to your address. This will be shown on your poll card. You can also enter your postcode on this website to find out where your polling station is.

You will be able to cast your vote any time between 7am and 10pm

You must bring a form of photo ID with you in order to vote. There are 22 accepted types of ID.

At the polling station, you will need to give your name and address to staff and show them your photo ID.

There will be instructions in the polling booth telling you exactly how to cast your vote.

Postal vote

You can register to vote by post for any reason, including that you simply don’t want to go to a polling station on the day.

You need to apply for this by 5pm on 14 April and can do so by clicking here.

Postal votes now expire every three years, so if you registered to do so more than three years ago, you will need to re-apply.

By proxy

This is where you apply for someone to vote on your behalf if you cannot go to the polling station in person and do not want to or can’t vote by post.

You and your proxy must both be registered to vote in the UK before you can apply.

The deadline to apply for proxy voting in the May 1 elections is 5pm on 23 April, and you can apply here.

Which elections have been postponed – and why?

Elections for county councils in the following areas have been postponed until May 2026:

• Norfolk
• Suffolk
• Essex
• Thurrock
• Surrey
• East and West Sussex
• Hampshire
• Isle of Wight

Most areas of the UK are now covered by one-tier systems such as unitary authorities, but there are still 21 county councils.

The government is pushing for a “devolution revolution”, meaning the remaining county councils are being encouraged to merge with other local authorities to become unitary authorities.

So in December last year, the government told county councils they could request to postpone their elections set for 1 May if they were trying to reorganise into one-tier systems.

While 16 county councils requested to postpone, only the eight listed above were successful.

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New at-home spit test for prostate cancer could be better than blood test, study suggests

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New at-home spit test for prostate cancer could be better than blood test, study suggests

A new spit test for prostate cancer which can be done at home may be better than current testing methods, a study suggests.

Experts have developed a simple saliva test which analyses genetic variants in a man’s DNA, which appears to perform better than the current method for assessing prostate cancer risk.

Currently, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test is used to check for prostate conditions, including prostate cancer or an enlarged prostate.

Routine testing is not currently available on the NHS, but patients may be offered a PSA test if a GP suspects they have prostate cancer. Men over 50 can ask their GP for a PSA test even if they do not have symptoms.

But experts have said the new saliva test could be used as an additional screening tool, as it reduced the number of false positive results and detected a higher proportion of aggressive cancers than the PSA test.

It could lead to fewer men being sent for unnecessary testing, according to researchers at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust.

They tested the effectiveness of a new tool they had developed called a polygenic risk score, which uses spit to assess 130 genetic variants known to be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, which can then determine whether or not a person is at high risk of the disease.

The new spit test for prostate cancer. Pic: PA
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The new spit test for prostate cancer. Pic: PA

Test saved lives of two brothers

Taking part in the trial saved the lives of two brothers.

Dheeresh Turnbull said traditional methods to assess prostate cancer deemed he had a low risk of disease, but the new spit test helped the 71-year-old discover he actually had a life-threatening tumour in his prostate.

After finding out the news, his brother Joel Turnbull also took part in the study and discovered he had an aggressive prostate tumour.

“It’s incredible to think that because of this study two lives have now been saved in my family,” Dheeresh said.

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How the tool was assessed

The brothers were among 6,300 men aged 55 to 69 in the UK who were assessed by the tool as part of the study.

Of those, 745 (12%) were deemed to have a high risk score and were invited to have prostate cancer screening, including an MRI scan and a biopsy.

Prostate cancer was detected in 187 of the 468 who took up the offer, and of those, 103 had cancer that was deemed to be “higher risk”, so treatment was offered.

Of the 187 men, 118 had a PSA level below 3.0ug/L – which is considered “normal” and would typically indicate no further screening is required.

Test could ‘turn the tide on prostate cancer’

Writing in the New England Journal of Medicine, the researchers said cancer “would not have been detected” in 74 of the men using the “diagnostics pathway” currently in use in the UK – which includes a high PSA level and an MRI.

They concluded that for the men with the highest genetic risk, the test falsely identified fewer people with prostate cancer than the PSA test and picked up people with cancer who would have been missed by the PSA test alone.

It detected a higher proportion of aggressive cancers than the PSA test and also accurately identified men with prostate cancer who were missed by an MRI scan.

Professor Ros Eeles, from the Institute of Cancer Research, London, and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, said: “With this test, it could be possible to turn the tide on prostate cancer.

“We have shown that a relatively simple, inexpensive spit test to identify men of European heritage at higher risk due to their genetic make-up is an effective tool to catch prostate cancer early.

Some 55,000 cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed each year in the UK, with around 12,000 men in the UK dying from the disease annually, according to Cancer Research UK.

It comes after Health Secretary Wes Streeting suggested he would support a national prostate cancer screening programme for men at higher risk of disease if it is backed by the evidence. The UK’s National Screening Committee is currently assessing whether or not such a programme should be rolled out.

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