Scientists Use Allen Telescope Array to Search for Signals in TRAPPIST-1
NASA‘s latest study has sparked interest in the potential for microbial life beneath the icy surface of Mars. Although direct evidence of life on the Red Planet remains elusive, researchers suggest that meltwater trapped beneath layers of frozen water could create a suitable environment for microbial existence. Their findings, stem from sophisticated computer modelling that highlights how sunlight might penetrate water ice to enable photosynthesis in shallow meltwater pools.
Understanding Martian Ice
Mars features two primary types of ice: frozen water and frozen carbon dioxide. This study focuses on water ice, formed from ancient snow that accumulated dust during previous ice ages on the planet. As the dust particles absorb sunlight, they can raise temperatures within the ice, leading to melting beneath the surface. This process is significant because while the thin Martian atmosphere typically causes water ice to sublimate directly into gas, conditions beneath the ice layer could facilitate melting.
Analogies with Earth
Research on Earth shows that dust particles can create cryoconite holes—small water pockets within ice that provide habitats for microorganisms. Phil Christensen, a co-author and professor at Arizona State University, explains that this phenomenon allows sunlight to warm the ice from within, creating a nurturing environment for simple life forms. His earlier studies have laid the groundwork for this new paper by demonstrating that liquid water can exist within Martian ice under certain conditions.
Exploring Martian Conditions
The current research suggests that these shallow subsurface pools, potentially located in Mars‘ tropics (between 30 and 60 degrees latitude), could shield microbes from harmful radiation while preventing evaporation. This habitat could support a variety of life forms, including algae and cyanobacteria. Lead author Aditya Khuller from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory plans to conduct laboratory experiments to replicate Martian dusty ice, which will help refine the search for potential life in the cosmos.
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The Orionid meteor shower is set to peak this October, providing a stunning celestial display for stargazers. This annual event is associated with Halley’s comet, which orbits the sun approximately every 76 years. As Earth moves through the debris left by the comet, we can witness these remarkable “shooting stars” lighting up the night sky. The Orionids will be visible from September 26 to November 22, with the highest activity expected in the early hours of Monday, October 21. During this peak, approximately 23 meteors are anticipated each hour.
Best Viewing Conditions
The best time to observe the Orionids is at around 1 a.m. EDT (0500 GMT) on October 21, when the constellation Orion will be high in the sky. However, this year’s viewing conditions may not be ideal due to the presence of a waning gibbous moon, which will provide bright light throughout the night. This lunar brightness could obscure the visibility of many meteors. As a result, while it might be tempting to find a dark location to watch the event, staying at home could yield better chances of spotting particularly bright meteors against the backdrop of the moonlit sky.
Why the Orionids are Unique
NASA describes the Orionids as one of the most visually appealing meteor showers due to their brightness and rapid speed. These meteors enter Earth‘s atmosphere at about 66 kilometres per second, which is significantly faster than many other meteor showers. The meteors appear to originate from near the red giant star Betelgeuse in the Orion constellation, which is home to some of the brightest stars visible from Earth, including Sirius and Rigel. As we approach the peak of the Orionid meteor shower, enthusiasts and casual observers alike can look forward to a spectacular display, even if viewing conditions are less than perfect this year.
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Recent research challenges the prevailing theories about human migration during the last ice age, suggesting that some ancient humans thrived in Central Europe’s frigid environment. Previous studies posited that our ancestors retreated to southern Europe, but this new investigation utilising genetic data reveals a different narrative. This study was led by Oxala García-Rodríguez at Bournemouth University, focusing on the genetic history of various species to better understand human adaptation to climate challenges.
Resilience in Harsh Climates
The research found that while many mammals sought refuge in warmer areas, humans displayed a unique pattern of resilience, akin to that of brown bears and wolves. This adaptability suggests that ancient humans relied on their omnivorous diet and developed technologies, such as clothing and fire, to withstand harsh climates. The study analysed the genetic history of 23 mammals, including humans, and identified areas of high genetic variation in Europe, indicating long-term occupation by species.
Unique Adaptation of Humans
These regions, termed refugia, provided suitable conditions for survival during the last glacial period. It’s fascinating to see how these refugia allowed humans to thrive in an otherwise inhospitable environment. The genetic analysis pointed out specific adaptations that enabled humans to utilise local resources efficiently, thereby securing their survival in challenging conditions.
Implications for Human History
These findings have significant implications for our understanding of human history and biogeography. They highlight the capacity of certain species, including humans, to endure extreme conditions and adapt to their environments, prompting a re-evaluation of how we view past human migrations and climate resilience. As we delve deeper into our genetic history, it is essential to acknowledge the ingenuity of our ancestors in navigating the challenges posed by climate change.
Conclusion
This research not only enhances our understanding of ancient human life but also provides valuable insights into the resilience of human beings. Understanding our past can offer crucial lessons for facing contemporary climate challenges, underscoring the enduring adaptability of our species.
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