In an unprecedented find for Hong Kong, scientists have uncovered the city’s first-ever dinosaur fossils on Port Island. Preliminary analysis suggests that the bones likely belonged to a large Cretaceous-era dinosaur, an era dating back 145 to 66 million years. Officials have stated that further studies are necessary to determine the specific species, marking an exciting step forward for Hong Kong’s contribution to palaeontology.

Discovery at Port Island: Hong Kong’s Geological Treasure

The fossilised remains were discovered within a UNESCO-recognised geopark on Hong Kong’s Port Island. The bones appeared scattered and weathered when it is unearthed. This gave a hint at a history of exposure to environmental elements. Officials speculate that the dinosaur’s remains were initially buried under sediment, later re-exposed by natural forces, and subsequently reburied. Dr Michael Pittman, Assistant Professor and dinosaur expert at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, highlights the significance of the find, acknowledging that locating dinosaur fossils is often difficult due to the specific geological requirements. According to Pittman, successful discoveries require the right type of rock formations from suitable time periods—a combination not easily found in Hong Kong.

An Important Milestone in Hong Kong’s Fossil Record

Although Hong Kong has previously revealed fossil remains from prehistoric marine life, this marks the city’s first confirmed dinosaur fossils. Previous fossil finds have included ostracods and ammonites from nearly 400 million years ago, yet no dinosaur remains had ever been documented until now. Officials noted that this discovery, rooted in Hong Kong’s rich geological layers, highlights the area’s potential for future fossil finds, particularly given similarities between the rock formations on Port Island and those in Guangdong, where extensive dinosaur remains have been recorded.

Public Exhibit to Feature Fossils and Live Research

Starting this Friday, the fossils will be on display at the Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre, offering the public a unique view into the city’s ancient history. The exhibit will later expand with a workshop and display area, where visitors can observe researchers at work. To support ongoing research, Port Island has been temporarily closed to the public, ensuring the preservation of this valuable site.

Four farmworkers have been diagnosed with presumed bird flu in the Washington state. This marked an unsettling trend in the spread of the virus among farm animals and occasional human cases across the United States. Health officials expect the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to verify these cases, which would bring the total reported human infections to 31 this year. With flu season approaching, experts are closely monitoring the virus to assess the risk of potential mutations that could alter its behaviour in humans.

Virus Transmission Risks Across Six States

Washington is now the sixth state to confirm human infections of bird flu. The virus is already widespread in wild birds, poultry, and even cows. And now it continues to persist across animal populations, potentially increasing human exposure. Dr. Amber Itle, Washington State’s veterinarian, expressed concern about the virus’s ability to adapt: “The longer this virus persists, the more unpredictable it becomes, which could bring us closer to another global pandemic.”

Although there is no current evidence that bird flu spreads easily among people, health authorities are focused on containing it within animal populations to prevent any further adaptation. The CDC’s spokesperson stated that a federal team would assist in managing the outbreak, with public risk levels remaining low for now.

Farmworker Safety Protocols and Recent Cases

The four new cases emerged in a crew handling bird culling operations at a commercial egg farm in Washington’s Franklin County. The facility, home to over 800,000 chickens, required the entire population to be euthanised following a local outbreak. Dr. Umair Shah, Washington’s Health Secretary, confirmed the workers wore protective equipment, including Tyvek suits and respirators, as they worked in close proximity to infected animals, facing high exposure to the virus.

These individuals reported mild symptoms, including respiratory issues and conjunctivitis, commonly associated with avian influenza. Although none required hospitalisation, health professionals continue to urge for stricter protocols to protect farmworkers, especially with the added risk of seasonal flu.

Animal Virus Control and Potential Risks

Dr. Richard Webby, director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Influenza Studies, highlighted an unusual case in Missouri where a person was infected without any known animal contact. The presence of the virus in dairy cows has stirred greater concern, as cows frequently interact with humans, raising the risk of virus mutations that could potentially make it transmissible among people.
As flu season begins, experts worry that simultaneous infections in humans could allow for genetic exchanges between animal and human flu viruses. Dr. Peter Rabinowitz of the University of Washington stressed the importance of preventive measures, especially for frontline workers, describing the situation as a reminder to improve protection efforts.

With wild birds continuing to spread the virus through various means, the CDC reports that over 103 million birds have been affected. Although Washington’s dairy industry has not yet seen cases, local farms have ramped up testing, hoping to detect any early signs and keep both animal and human populations safe.

In a study on Aboriginal weapons, biomechanics experts have explored the formidable strength and design of two traditional First Nations tools. These weapons, the leangle and kodj, have long been known for their impact, yet this research, as shared in Scientific Reports, sheds new light on the precise dynamics that make them so effective. The kodj, believed to date back tens of thousands of years, displays remarkable versatility with its double-edge structure.

Analysing the Lethality of Iconic Weapons

The research, initiated by the creators of the ABC TV series First Weapons, focuses on the kodj, a hybrid of a hammer and axe from the Nyoongar people of southwest Australia, and the leangle with its matching parrying shield, common in southeastern Australian traditions. With biomechanics tools, researchers analysed the energy and velocity produced in strikes with these weapons. Phil Breslin, series host and combat tester, demonstrated both tools in action to simulate real-life applications.

The Kodj and Leangle: Precision Design

The kodj, believed to date back tens of thousands of years, displays remarkable versatility with its double-edge structure, fashioned from a wattle wood handle and a stone blade, constructed by Larry Blight of the Menang Noongar community. The leangle, paired with a hardwood shield, was crafted by Brendan Kennedy and Trevor Kirby of the Wadi Wadi Country, provides effective defences in close-quarters encounters.

Biomechanics Findings

Testing revealed distinct qualities between the weapons. The kodj offered agility, allowing for dynamic movement and effective blows, while the leangle was particularly devastating in force. This knowledge deepens our understanding of how such weapons supported Indigenous communities, whether in hunting, conflict, or ritualised trials of strength and endurance.

Ancient Aboriginal weaponry continues to be studied for insights into how Indigenous cultures harnessed environmental resources for sophisticated, efficient tool-making. While the human force wielding each weapon was integral, this study demonstrates the impressive technical thought embedded within these ancient designs.