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he world’s second-fastest supercomputer, Frontier, has successfully carried out the most extensive simulation of the universe ever created, as per reports. The project, led by Salman Habib, Director of the Computational Science Division at Argonne National Laboratory, was undertaken to test models of cosmological hydrodynamics. The simulation was developed using the Hardware/Hybrid Accelerated Cosmology Code (HACC), which has been adapted for use on some of the most advanced supercomputers available.

As per the information shared by AMD in a press release, the Frontier is capable of processing up to 1.1 exaFLOPS, equating to 1.1 quintillion operations per second. The system integrates 9,472 AMD CPUs and 37,888 AMD GPUs, making it one of the most advanced machines globally. Reports indicate that this capability was surpassed only recently by another supercomputer, El Capitan, which achieved a processing speed of 1.742 exaFLOPS at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Development of Cosmological Simulations

The HACC code, which was originally developed over a decade ago, simulates the evolution of the universe. It has previously been deployed on less powerful systems like Titan and Summit, where the simulations primarily focused on gravitational forces. However, Frontier enabled the inclusion of additional factors such as hot gas, star formation, and black hole activity. Bronson Messer, Science Director at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, remarked in a statement that the inclusion of baryons and dynamic physics marked a significant advancement in the realism of these simulations.

Applications and Scientific Implications

As per reports, the simulations will be made available to the scientific community to test and refine cosmological models. These include questions surrounding dark matter, dark energy, and alternative theories of gravity. The research aligns with the Department of Energy’s ExaSky project, a $1.8 billion initiative supporting exascale computing for astrophysical research.

Reportedly, the study’s findings, it is anticipated, will be compared with data from large-scale astronomical surveys, such as those conducted by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, to identify the models that best align with observable phenomena.

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Astronomers Detect Methane in the Atmosphere of the Nearest T Dwarf Star to Earth

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April 12, 2025

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Astronomers Detect Methane in the Atmosphere of the Nearest T Dwarf Star to Earth

The scientists have found methane in the atmosphere of WISEA J181006.18 −101000.5, the T dwarf closest to Earth. The study was published in the online preprint journal arXiv on March 28, and the final, revised version was published on November 17. The WISE1810 is a metal-poor T dwarf planet, which is situated at a distance of 29 light years from the Earth. The effective temperature of the dwarf is reported to be within the range of 800–1,300 K.

Methane Signature Surprises Astronomers

According to a Phys.org report, the finding is made greatly possible by the present 10.4-m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC). The detection of methane in the atmosphere of the dwarf planet has further made its classification as T-type instead of L-type, which was earlier suggested in previous studies, the publication notes. The study further reveal that there are no traces of carbon monoxide and potassium in the atmosphere of the WISE1810. 

The study further highlights that the carbon abundance in the planet is estimated to be -1.5 dex, while the effective temperature could be around 1,000 K. The author of the paper further revealed that the low metallicity of the T dwarf planet could be due to the non-detection of atomic potassium. However, a lower temperature could also boost this effect, the report further highlights. The study also found that WISE1810 has a heliocentric velocity of -83 km/s. 

The 10.4-m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) supplies a significant contribution to finishing WISEA J181006.18−101000 observations. Interestingly, the previous observations of the dwarf platent suggested that the atmosphere of the dwarf planet was dominated by hydrogen and water vapour. Moreover, the study further reveals that findings indicates WISE1810 could more likely to be associated with the Milky Way’s thick disk, despite its very low metallicity.

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Scientists Finally Discover How Long a Day Lasts on Uranus

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April 12, 2025

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Scientists Finally Discover How Long a Day Lasts on Uranus

Scientists have finally found how about Uranus day length using the most recent analysis of a decade’s worth of Hubble Space Telescope data. As per the scientists, the Uranus holds 17 hours, 14 minutes, and 52 seconds to finish a complete rotation—that is, 28 seconds more than the estimation served by NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft. This estimation was made possible through the measurement of the magnetic fields and the radio waves coming from the auras of the planet. This understanding helps one derive surface mapping and alignment estimation in perplexing surroundings. Some of those maps may need to be reconsidered based on the most recent research.

Hubble Refines Uranus’ Spin and Orbit Time

According to reports, the Hubble Space Telescope study verified Uranus completed a revolution in 17 hours, 14 minutes, and 52 seconds. That is 28 seconds more than the NASA mission Voyager 2, from the 1980s.

The report further mentions that through examination of a ten-year record of aurora observations, a team headed by Laurent Lamy at the Paris Observatory in France revealed the magnetic poles of the planet. That long-term monitoring gave even more exact rotation periods—that is, nearly 84 Earth years for Uranus to orbit the sun.

Uranus’ Rotation Refined, Aiding Future Exploration

On Uranus, a day just lasts far longer. More precise rotational time observations of the gas giant should enable scientists to plan visits to investigate it. Unlike on Mars and Earth, savage windstorms make it far more difficult to identify the rotation times of the biggest solar system planets.

The first estimate of Uranus’s spin was shifted closer to the Voyager 2 probe, which made a close-range approach on January 24, 1986. The researchers during that time found out that the planet’s mangetic field was by 59 degrees from celestial north. Moreover, the researchers observed that its rotation axis was 98 degrees offset.

Uranus Spins Sideways with a 17-Hour Day, Scientists Confirm

The report further mentions that Uranus effectively revolves “lying down” compared to Earth; during this period, its magnetic poles find a giant circle as the planet rotates. These highest offsets mean With a safety margin of plus or minus 36 seconds, scientists at the time estimated that Uranus was completing a full revolution in every 17 hours, 14 minutes, and 24 seconds by measuring the magnetic field of the planet as well as radio emissions from aurora at its magnetic poles.

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Farallon Slab Beneath Midwest Pulls Crust Downward, Causing Widespread Thinning

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April 12, 2025

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Farallon Slab Beneath Midwest Pulls Crust Downward, Causing Widespread Thinning

An underground structure beneath central United States has been observed dragging surface materials deep into the Earth. This movement has been linked to an old piece of crust lodged far below the Midwest. Researchers have said this action is pulling rocks from across the continent towards a funnel-shaped region. It is believed this process is causing parts of the crust to thin as material is drawn downward. This phenomenon has been found to affect areas beyond the immediate region.

Underground slab tied to crust loss beneath Midwest

According to the study published in Nature Geoscience, the phenomenon has been tied to the remains of a long-subducted tectonic plate known as the Farallon slab. This slab, which sits around 660 kilometres below the surface, was identified as the driving force behind what scientists refer to as cratonic thinning. Cratons are known to be the stable core regions of continental crust and upper mantle that usually do not undergo change.

The seismic mapping project was led by Junlin Hua during his postdoctoral work at The University of Texas at Austin. He now serves as a professor at the University of Science and Technology of China. In a statement, Hua explained that a wide region is showing signs of thinning. He stated that the study has brought forward a new explanation behind this change.

New seismic method uncovers ‘dripping’ lithosphere

To observe the changes taking place beneath North America, researchers used a method known as full-waveform inversion. This seismic imaging approach allowed them to map the subsurface in high detail. According to Thorsten Becker, Geophysics Chair at UT Austin, this technique offered a better understanding of the link between deep mantle regions and the lithosphere above.

Computer simulations were used to confirm the effect. When the slab was included, the downward movement was visible. When removed, no such feature appeared.

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