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Fossil remains of ancient aquatic reptiles, known as mesosaurs, have been unearthed in Uruguay, pointing to the existence of specimens that far exceed previously recorded sizes. The fossils, which include skull fragments and associated bones, indicate that some mature mesosaurs may have grown to over twice the size of earlier documented adults. This revelation provides fresh insight into the potential gigantism of mesosaurs, reptiles that thrived during the Early Permian epoch in Gondwana.

Fossils from the Mangrullo Formation Shed Light on Mesosaur Size

According to a study published in Fossil Studies, the specimens were excavated from the Mangrullo Formation in northern Uruguay, an area already recognised for its exceptional fossil preservation. Dr. Graciela Piñeiro and her team at Universidad de la República analysed the remains, which included two fragmented skulls, vertebrae, and isolated bones. Comparisons with over 1,000 previously studied mesosaur fossils revealed that the new specimens, with skulls measuring 15–20 cm, belonged to individuals whose total lengths ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 metres.

Insights into Mesosaur Ontogeny and Environment

The study highlights that previously documented smaller mesosaurs likely represented juveniles or subadults, as reported by phys.org. These smaller sizes may reflect mass mortality events rather than the full growth potential of the species. The researchers also explored Bergmann’s rule, which associates body size with environmental factors, but concluded that ontogenetic growth patterns better explain the variability in size.

Potential Causes of Extinction Explored

Reports suggest that volcanic ashfalls, coupled with drought and desertification during the Permian period, significantly impacted mesosaur populations in the Paraná Basin. The study speculates that these environmental changes, along with increased tectonic activity during the formation of Pangea, contributed to the decline of these ancient reptiles.

This discovery underscores the complexity of mesosaur growth and survival dynamics, reshaping current understanding of these prehistoric aquatic reptiles.

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Could These Meteorites Be from Mercury? New Research Hints at Rare Discovery

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Could These Meteorites Be from Mercury? New Research Hints at Rare Discovery

Scientists have observed whether the meteorites can reach Earth from Mercury. Over thousands of meteorites from Mars and the Moon have been observed, but none have been from Mercury, despite it being a nearby rocky planet. A new study revealed Icarus suggests two meteorites, Ksar Ghilane 022 and Northwest Africa 15915, could belong to Mercurian origin. Such a kind of meteorite can offer a realistic opportunity to study the material of the surface of the planet, if the technical challenges and the cost of sending a spacecraft to Mercury are met.

New Meteorite Samples Show Strong Similarities

As per the new studies reported to Physics.org , Meteorite NWA 7325 and aubrites in the past were considered to be possibly from Mercury. However, the mineral composition of their samples has inconsistencies with the known surface data from the Messenger mission of NASA. Aubrites formed on a planet similar in size to Mercury, lacking spectral and chemical similarities, and further weakened as Mercurian fragments.

Ksar Ghilane 022 and NWA 15915, the new samples, share many traits of Mercury crust, with olivine, oldhamite, pyroxene, and minor albitic plagioclase. The oxygen composition of these matched with the aubrites, signalling a similar planetary origin and putting them among strong Mercurian members.

Key Differences Raise Scientific Questions

There are key differences even after that, and the two meteorites contain very little plagioclase than on the Mercury surface, and are about 4,528 million years older than Mercury’s surface material. If they are from Mercury, there is a possibility that they can represent an ancient crust which is no longer visible on the planet.

Future Missions and Scientific Verification

Relating a meteorite to a particular planet is quite difficult without direct samples. BepiColombo missions are orbiting Mercury currently, and can offer valuable insights to confirm meteorites source. Mercurian meteorites can get valuable insights into the formation, composition and history of the planet. There are further findings to be presented at the Meteoritical Society Meeting 2025 in Australia.

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Rocket Lab Launches ‘Get the Hawk Outta Here’ Mission with Four Satellites from New Zealand

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Rocket Lab Launches ‘Get the Hawk Outta Here’ Mission with Four Satellites from New Zealand

The “Get the Hawk Outta Here” mission saw Rocket Launch juggle four satellites into orbit around Earth on June 27, marking yet another mission on the start-up’s 2025 calendar. The Electron rocket — loaded with three radio-frequency tracking microsatellites and a technology demonstrating payload — lifted off from Pad-A in Launch Complex 1 in Mahia, New Zealand, at 1:28 p.m. EDT (1728 GMT). The launch is to aid Virginia-based geospatial analytics company Hawkeye 360 with its pursuit to broaden radio-frequency intelligence gathering.

Rocket Lab Launches Cluster 12 RF Satellites for Hawkeye 360, Eyes More Missions in 2025

As per the Rocket Lab’s official mission brief, the three working satellites are designed to help Hawkeye 360 triangulate radio signals across the world. Such spacecraft would fill gaps in coverage and provide radio frequency analytics data in near real time from areas of strategic interest. The fourth payload, Kestrel-0A, is a technology demonstrator meant to test advanced capabilities and future enhancements for the Hawkeye constellation.

Rocket Lab has committed to launching a total of 15 satellites across three missions for Hawkeye 360. This mission is themed “Virginia Is For Launch Lovers” and is Electron’s first mission from U.S. soil following the company’s first launch from Wallops Island in January 2023. This latest mission signifies the 67th overall Electron launch and the ninth of 2025 in a sign of the company’s increasing launch cadence.

All satellites were placed into a polar low Earth orbit at about 320 miles (520 km) altitude, ideal for cross-cutting the Earth and thus ensuring fast revisits and high signal collection. Electron’s payload fairings also did their job, protecting the satellites as they lifted off, then releasing them into orbit with pinpoint accuracy.

In its roadmap, Rocket Lab has at least six additional launches this year, and all eyes are on its upcoming reusable Neutron rocket. The company also operates a suborbital Electron variant, HASTE, which serves as a testbed for hypersonic and defence technologies. The latest launch further solidifies Rocket Lab’s position in the small satellite deployment market.

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Astronomers Discover Baby Planets Taking Their First Steps in Nearby Stellar Nursery

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Astronomers Discover Baby Planets Taking Their First Steps in Nearby Stellar Nursery

Astronomers may have just caught a glimpse of the early signs of the formation of “baby” solar systems in the hydrocarbon-rich disc around two young stars in a star-forming region near Earth, in a study that could offer fresh insights into how planetary systems are created. From studying 78 protoplanetary disks — or flattened clouds of gas and dust — in the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex, researchers spotted spiral and ring-like substructures, which are certain signatures that baby planets are in the process of being born.

The disks, around stars a few hundred thousand years old showed unusual characteristics, indicating that planet and star formation are simultaneous processes in very young systems. In comparison, the Sun is a middle-aged 4.6 billion years old.

High-Res ALMA Imaging Reveals Planet Formation Begins Earlier in Young Star Disks Than Expected

As per the research team, the discovery helps bridge a key observational gap between previous ALMA studies—DSHARP, which focused on million-year-old stars, and eDisk, which studied much younger protostars. By targeting stars of intermediate ages and applying PRIISM super-resolution software to archival ALMA data, researchers achieved images three times sharper than standard methods. Their larger sample led to the identification of 27 disks with structures, including 15 never seen before.

The results indicate that substructures such as rings and spirals, believed to be the fingerprints of planet formation, appear much earlier in a planet’s growth process than previously thought, when the disks are still full of gas and dust. During the childhood of young stars forming in collapsed molecular clouds, these disks were born, and in the same way, young planets formed within the lifetimes of these accretion disks, moved, and shaped the objects in the disk.

Most disks observed were about 30 astronomical units wide, roughly 30 times the Earth-Sun distance. The presence of intricate structures in such early systems implies a parallel evolution of infant stars and planets. The research indicates that star and planet creation might be more closely linked than thought.

The research, which was published on an online site for The Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, was led by Ayumu Shoshi of Kyushu University. The present results involve only the Ophiuchus regions, but in the future, as more data become available, we will be able to search for similar early co-evolution amongst other stellar nurseries.

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