The European Union is less than three months away from launching its carbon levy — the world’s first large-scale border tax on carbon-intensive goods.

The forthcoming step, which has the potential to completely transform global trade, comes as part of the bloc’s efforts to slash greenhouse gas emissions from heavy industries and promote cleaner production processes across the globe.

Starting from Jan. 1 next year, the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) will impose a cost on goods such as steel, fertilizers, cement, aluminum and hydrogen imported from outside the 27-nation bloc.

Under the terms of the policy, importers bringing these goods into the EU will be required to purchase CBAM certificates to cover their associated emissions. The cost of these certificates is expected to be the same as the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) market price.

Not everyone is thrilled about the EU’s upcoming carbon border tax. The U.S., China, India and Brazil are among the countries that have raised concerns, with some threatening to take retaliatory measures and others warning the policy might hinder rather than help global climate efforts.

The European Commission, the EU’s executive arm, did not respond to a request for comment when contacted by CNBC.

Nicolas Endress, founder and CEO of ClimEase, a CBAM software solutions company, said the EU’s integrated carbon tax and tariff scheme will reshape global trade in ways most businesses haven’t yet grasped. Steel, cement, fertilizers and aluminum-related sectors are set to be first in the firing line.

It’s “no surprise” that the likes of the U.S., Brazil and India have raised concerns about the policy, Endress said, noting that countries without an emissions trading system (ETS) will be exposed to the border tax.

The EU says the CBAM is designed to put a “fair price” on carbon emitted during the production of emissions-intensive goods.

The tax is also designed to prevent what’s known as “carbon leakage,” which is when companies move production abroad to countries where less stringent climate polices are in place.

The U.S., for its part, has warned that European climate rules could threaten the EU’s trade deal with the White House.

U.S. President Donald Trump struck a framework agreement with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen in late July, establishing a tariff ceiling of 15% for most EU goods from the start of August.

This rate was significantly lower than the 30% previously threatened by the U.S. president, but above the 10% baseline the EU had been hoping for.

Speaking to the Financial Times last month, U.S. Energy Secretary Chris Wright said that, in the absence of significant modifications, the EU’s CBAM — among other green regulatory policies — would create “huge legal risks” for U.S. companies selling fossil fuels into Europe.

Other countries exposed to the EU’s CBAM have criticized the plans, too. India has reportedly said it will retaliate against the carbon border taxes, saying high-income countries that are historically responsible for the climate crisis should do more to slash greenhouse gas emissions.

China, Brazil and Russia, meanwhile, have all raised concerns about the EU’s carbon border taxes, both at U.N. climate negotiations and with the World Trade Organization.

The EU’s von der Leyen, in a 2019 manifesto to become European Commission president, said she intended to introduce a carbon border tax “to avoid carbon leakage” and help EU companies “compete on a level playing field.”

The policy was later introduced as part of the bloc’s effort to reduce emissions by at least 55% by the end of the decade.

Alex Mengden, policy analyst at Tax Foundation Europe, said EU officials have typically sought to downplay the potential for any retaliatory steps from major economies when the final stage of CBAM kicks in.

“It might show that we can only take so much climate leadership because it has real costs on us and if we are not in a global coalition, those costs fall back on ourselves instead of our trading partners, which is essentially the goal,” Mengden told CNBC by video call.

“Now, of course, it might still succeed,” Mengden said. “The success case for policymakers that devise the CBAM policy would be other countries adopting their own ETS systems,” he added.

Shares of Lithium Americas popped more than 35% in extended trading Tuesday after U.S. Energy Secretary Chris Wright told Bloomberg that the U.S. government will take a small stake in the company.

The U.S. Department of Energy plans to take a 5% equity stake in Lithium Americas and a separate 5% stake directly in the Canadian miner’s Thacker Pass project, Wright told Bloomberg Television. General Motors has a minority stake in lithium mine, which is in northern Nevada.

Thacker Pass is expected to become one of the largest sources of lithium in North America, with the first phase of the project expected to begin operations in late 2027.

“We’ll own the mine itself and in the corporate entity that is the developer of the mine,” Wright said Tuesday on air.

It is the latest move by the White House to take direct ownership in the mineral supply chain critical to U.S. interests, but the first such stake proposed for a Canadian company. Lithium Americas trades on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the NYSE but is incorporated and domiciled in Canada.

“This is just economic common sense,” Wright said. “Lithium Americas needs to raise some more capital so the mine is financially sound. We’re leaning in with a large amount of debt capital. So it’s just a more commercial transaction where we’re making sure lithium is going to be mined and refined in the United States.”

Shares of Lithium Americas have skyrocketed 92% year to date, with much of those gains powered by reports that the government was acquiring a stake.