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The term “vibe coding” has been named the Collins Word of the Year for 2025, beating contenders like “clanker”, “glaze” and “aura farming”.

Vibe coding refers to an emerging software development process that turns natural language into computer code using AI.

The term, coined in February by Andrej Karpathy, former director of AI at Tesla and a founding engineer at OpenAI, essentially outlines how a person can now prioritise describing what they need to AI so it can generate code on their behalf, rather than writing code line-by-line themselves.

Lexicographers at Collins monitor the Collins Corpus, a 24 billion-word database which draws from a range of media sources, including social media, to create the annual list of new and notable words.

Vibe coding was in close contention with “clanker” – a derogatory term for computers, robots, or sources of AI, often used on social media to express frustrations and distrust in AI chatbots and platforms, and “glaze” – to praise or flatter someone excessively or undeservedly.

Other popular terms considered were “aura farming” – the practice of trying to look cool through the deliberate cultivation of a distinctive and charismatic persona, and “broligarchy” – referring to the owners of the biggest global technology companies, informally known as “tech bros”.

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Here are some of the other contenders:

• Biohacking – also referred to as “do-it-yourself biology”. This describes the activity of altering the natural processes of one’s body in an attempt to enhance physical wellbeing and extend lifespan.

• Micro-retirement – a term often used by Gen Z and millennials to describe taking a break between periods of employment in order to pursue personal interests.

• Coolcation – a holiday in a place with a cool climate, as temperatures soar where they live or where they typically spent their holidays.

• Taskmasking – the act of giving a false impression that one is being productive in the workplace.

• HENRY – an acronym for “high earner, not rich yet”. Refers to someone who has a large income but hasn’t saved a lot.

What are the previous Words of the Year?

Collins’ top words of the year can leave some feeling culturally informed and others completely out of touch.

Here are the previous Collins words going back 10 years – how many do you recognise?

2015: Binge-watch – defined as viewing more than three episodes of a series in one day.

2016: Brexit – the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union.

2017: Fake news – defined as “false, often sensational, information disseminated under the guise of news reporting,” it has remained one of Donald Trump’s catchphrases during his second term.

2018: Single-use – popularised by the increasing call to ban materials that damage the environment and pollute the food chain.

2019: Climate strike – a form of protest popularised by activist Greta Thunberg, where demonstrators skip work or school to raise awareness of climate change.

2020: Lockdown – chosen in the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, Collins defined lockdown as “the imposition of stringent restrictions on travel, social interaction, and access to public spaces”.

2021: NFT – the abbreviation for non-fungible token – clinched the top spot. In case you still don’t get it, an NFT is a unique digital identifier that records ownership of a digital creation asset. This can be a picture, a video, a piece of music or even a tweet.

2022: Permacrisis – defined as “an extended period of instability and insecurity,” this one came during the year the Ukraine war began, the cost-of-living crisis worsened significantly and political tensions increased.

2023: AI – the abbreviation of artificial intelligence took the top spot, with AI becoming the dominant conversation worldwide after ChatGPT was launched in November 2022.

2024: Brat – popularised by British singer Charli XCX, brat took on a new meaning last year as a lifestyle “characterised by a confident, independent, and hedonistic attitude”.

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Woman who claimed to be Madeleine McCann found guilty of harassing missing toddler’s parents

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Woman who claimed to be Madeleine McCann found guilty of harassing missing toddler's parents

A young woman who claimed to be Madeleine McCann has been convicted of harassing the missing toddler’s family.

However, Julia Wandelt, 24, was cleared of stalking the couple.

A Polish national born three years after Madeleine, Wandelt said she suspected she had been abducted and brought up by a couple who were not her real parents.

She was having mental health issues at the time and had been abused by an elderly relative.

The relative looked like an artist’s drawing of a man who was once a suspect in the Madeleine case, which she stumbled across during internet research on missing children.

She went to Los Angeles and told a US TV chat show audience: “I believe I am Madeleine McCann.”

Madeleine was nearly four when she vanished from the family’s rented holiday apartment in Praia da Luz, Portugal, in May 2007.

She had been left sleeping with her younger twin siblings, Sean and Amelia, while her parents dined nearby with friends, making intermittent checks on the children.

Madeleine is the world’s most famous missing child, the subject of three international police investigations that have failed to find any trace of her.

Wandelt claimed to have a blemish in the iris of her right eye, like Madeleine’s, and to resemble aged-progressed images of her.

Madeleine McCann went missing during a family holiday to Portugal in 2007. Pic: PA
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Madeleine McCann went missing during a family holiday to Portugal in 2007. Pic: PA

Over three years, she attracted half a million followers on her Instagram account, iammadeleinemccan, and posted her claims on TikTok.

Police told her she was not Madeleine and ordered her not to approach her family, but she ignored the warning.

The McCanns and their children gave evidence in the trial at Leicester Crown Court, describing the upset Wandelt had caused them.

Her co-defendant, Karen Spragg, 61, from Cardiff, was found not guilty of stalking and harassment.

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Public ‘at risk’ as more inmates sent to open prisons – with another manhunt under way

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Public 'at risk' as more inmates sent to open prisons - with another manhunt under way

Public safety is “at risk” because more inmates are being sent to prisons with minimal security, a serving governor has warned – as details emerge of another manhunt for a foreign national offender.

Mark Drury – speaking in his role as representative for open prison governors at the Prison Governors’ Association – told Sky News open prisons that have had no absconders for “many years” are now “suddenly” experiencing a rise in cases.

It comes after a man who was serving a 21-year sentence for kidnap and grievous bodily harm absconded from an open prison in Sussex last month.

Sky News has learned that Ola Abimbola is a foreign national offender who still hasn’t returned to HMP Ford – and Sussex Police says it is working with partners to find him.

WARNING: Some readers may find the content in this article distressing

Ola Abimbola absconded from an open prison. Pic: Sussex Police
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Ola Abimbola absconded from an open prison. Pic: Sussex Police

For Natalie Queiroz, who was stabbed 24 times by her ex-partner while she was eight months’ pregnant with their child, the warnings could not feel starker.

Natalie sustained injuries to all her major organs and her arms, while the knife only missed her unborn baby by 2mm.

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“Nobody expected either of us to survive,” she told Sky News.

Babur Raja was sentenced to 18 years for attempted murder, but Natalie has recently been told that he’s set to be moved to an open prison four years earlier than planned.

“Any day now, my ex who created this untold horror is about to go to an open prison,” Natalie said.

Open prisons – otherwise known as Category D jails – have minimal security and are traditionally used to house prisoners right at the end of their sentence, to prepare them for integrating back into society.

With overcrowding in higher security jails, policy changes mean more prisoners are eligible for a transfer to open conditions earlier on in their sentence.

Natalie Queiroz was stabbed 24 times by her ex-partner
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Natalie Queiroz was stabbed 24 times by her ex-partner

“It doesn’t feel right, it’s terrifying, and it also doesn’t feel like justice,” Natalie said, wiping away tears at points.

Previously, rules stated a transfer to open prison could only take place within three years of their eligibility for parole – but no earlier than five years before their automatic release date.

The five-year component was dropped in March last year under the previous government, but the parole eligibility element was extended to five years in April 2025.

Raja, who is due for release in 2034, has parole eligibility 12 years into his sentence, which is 2028.

Under the rule change, this eligibility for open prison is set for this year – but under the new rules it could have been 2023, which is within five years of his parole date.

Another change, introduced in the spring, means certain offenders can be assumed suitable for open prisons three years early – extended from two years.

Natalie says her ex-partner Babur Raja caused 'untold horror'
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Natalie says her ex-partner Babur Raja caused ‘untold horror’

Natalie has been campaigning to prevent violent offenders and domestic abuse perpetrators from being eligible to transfer to an open prison early.

She’s had meetings with ministers and raised both her case and others.

“They actually said – he is dangerous,” she told Sky News.

“I said to [the minister]: ‘How can you make a risk assessment for someone like that?’

“And they went: ‘If we’re honest, we can’t’.”

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What’s wrong with our prisons?

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The government told Sky News that Raja’s crimes were “horrific” and that their “thoughts remain with the victim”.

They also insist that the “small number of offenders eligible for moves to open prison face a strict, thorough risk assessment” – while anyone breaking the rules “can be immediately returned”.

Mark Drury, a representative of the Prison Governors' Association
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Mark Drury, a representative of the Prison Governors’ Association

But Mr Drury describes risk assessments as an “algorithm tick box” because of “the pressure on offender management units”.

These warnings come at an already embarrassing time for the Prison Service after migrant sex offender Hadush Kebatu was mistakenly freed last month.

This week, it emerged two others have been freed in error since then, amid new release checks.

In response to this report, the Ministry of Justice says it “inherited a justice system in crisis, with prisons days away from collapse” – forcing “firm action to get the situation back under control”.

The government has promised to add 14,000 new prison places by 2031 and introduce sentencing reforms.

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Congressional letter summons Andrew Mountbatten Windsor to US to explain Epstein links

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Congressional letter summons Andrew Mountbatten Windsor to US to explain Epstein links

The US Congress has written to Andrew Mountbatten Windsor requesting an interview with him in connection with his “long-standing friendship” with paedophile financier Jeffrey Epstein.

The Committee on Oversight and Government Reform said it is investigating the late financier’s “sex trafficking operations”.

It told Andrew: “The committee is seeking to uncover the identities of Mr Epstein’s co-conspirators and enablers, and to understand the full extent of his criminal operations.

“Well-documented allegations against you, along with your long-standing friendship with Mr Epstein, indicate that you may possess knowledge of his activities relevant to our investigation.

“In the interest of justice for the victims of Jeffrey Epstein, we request that you co-operate with the committee’s investigation by sitting for a transcribed interview with the committee.”

Read the letter in full

The congressional committee wants to understand any 'activities' relevant to its Epstein investigation. PA file pic
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The congressional committee wants to understand any ‘activities’ relevant to its Epstein investigation. PA file pic

Virginia Giuffre, who died in April, accused Andrew of sexually assaulting her after being introduced by Epstein. Andrew has always vehemently denied her accusations.

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The letter to the former prince, is addressed to Royal Lodge, Windsor Great Park, the home he agreed last week to leave, when he was stripped of his royal titles.

It outlines his “close relationship” with Epstein and references a recently revealed 2011 email exchange in which Andrew told him “we are in this together”.

And it says the committee has identified “financial records containing notations such as ‘massage for Andrew’ that raise serious questions”.

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The committee said Andrew’s links to Epstein “further confirms our suspicion that you may have valuable information about the crimes committed by Mr Epstein and his co-conspirators”.

The letter, signed by 16 members of Congress, requested Andrew responds by 20 November.

It came as the King officially stripped his disgraced brother of both his HRH style and his prince title.

The move followed the publication Ms Giuffre’s posthumous memoirs, and the US government’s release of documents from the paedophile’s estate.

Ms Giuffre alleged she was forced to have sex with Andrew three times – once at convicted sex trafficker Ghislaine Maxwell’s home in London, once in Epstein’s address in Manhattan, and once on the disgraced financier’s private island, Little St James.

The incident at Maxwell’s home allegedly occurred when Ms Giuffre was 17 years old.

Epstein took his own life in a New York prison in 2019 while awaiting trial on sex trafficking and conspiracy charges.

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