The economy has always relied on the labour of people whose work is insecure.
But the pandemic left vulnerable workers in precarious and short-term employment at an even higher risk of exploitation, according to a new report seen exclusively by Sky News.
The research, compiled by charity Focus on Labour Exploitation (FLEX), found that reports of exploitative practices increased markedly in the year to July 2021, with low-paid and migrant workers reporting abuses such as wages being withheld, terms and conditions being changed, intimidation and sexual harassment.
It also maintains that the social security system often leaves the most vulnerable “unprotected” with few alternatives and little choice but to accept mistreatment from unscrupulous employers.
The fear is that as winter sets in and the cost of living spirals, people will feel increasingly unable to leave exploitative situations.
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The research was undertaken in collaboration with the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain (IWGB) and United Voices of the World (UVW), two trade unions supporting workers in low-paid and insecure sectors of the economy.
It found that 44% of members surveyed had their wages withheld at some point during the pandemic.
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Nearly a quarter were forced to accept worse terms or conditions and one in five were too scared to take time off sick for fear of losing work.
Ivan Andino is one of them. He is originally from Ecuador and works as a cleaner in an office block in west London.
Image: Office cleaner Ivan Andino claims he was exploited by his employer during the pandemic
He claims that when the pandemic hit and workers in other teams were made redundant, he was expected to pick up the workload of a whole extra person with no extra pay.
He claims that he was harassed when he took a break and wasn’t even allowed to leave the building when on shift.
“They started to intimidate us by watching over us, telling us not to sit down and wanting us to be visible the whole time,” he says.
“It was a bad, stressful time, not just for me but also for my colleagues. The way our supervisor treated us was really bad, they wouldn’t ask for things politely but instead they would just order us around.
“We tried to defend ourselves but since we couldn’t speak the language, we couldn’t do anything more.”
With the help of his union he has since launched a formal grievance against his employer.
The report also found that a significant proportion of workers like this were simply made redundant rather than being furloughed (33%), while one in 10 were simply not given any work.
There are a variety of reasons why workers may be susceptible to exploitative practices. Very low pay and insecure employment might be layered with other vulnerabilities such as language barriers or immigrant status which may restrict someone’s access to welfare. Taken together workers may feel they have no choice but to accept exploitative conditions.
The report also argues that social security safety nets are insufficient to protect the most vulnerable.
Statutory sick pay, for example, is one of the least generous in Europe at just £96.35 per week and it can only be claimed from the fourth day of illness.
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While the five-week wait for payment as a new Universal Credit claimant means the very poorest face destitution in the meantime.
There are calls to reform these systems, as well as to increase funding for labour standards enforcement.
“When the system allows poor behaviour, poor behaviour happens,” explains Meri Ahlberg, research manager at FLEX and the report’s author.
“It’s not necessarily that employers are bad but they’re under pressure, and if the rules and protections aren’t there and the enforcement isn’t there, then people will be taken advantage of.”
Image: Meri Ahlberg, the report’s author, and a research manager at Focus on Labour Exploitation
Although recent labour shortages might imply there is more choice and bargaining power for workers, the most vulnerable may often feel trapped.
“If you’re working and you know that if you lose your job, you’re not going to have a safety net to fall back on, you’re really loath to let go of that job,” says Ms Ahlberg. “That makes it really hard to assert your rights or complain about poor treatment.”
The cyber attack on high street department store Marks and Spencer is expected to directly cost roughly £136m.
The figure is only the cost of immediate incident systems response and recovery, as well as specialist legal and professional services support.
Combined with a loss in sales, as the retailer’s online systems were out of action from Easter into the summer, statutory profit before tax at the business has been nearly wiped out for the first half of the year.
This profit measure dropped from £391.9m last year to £3.4m this year. Statutory profit before tax is the official profit figure reported in a company’s financial statements before it paid tax, used for tax and legal purposes.
About £100m is being claimed back in insurance for the cyberattack, M&S said in its market update.
Using a different profit measure – the M&S group’s adjusted profit before tax – the figure is more than half that of a year earlier, down from £413m to £184m.
Sales were hit as online shopping was unavailable from the April attack date until June. Some shelves were also empty in the days after the attack.
When Rachel Reeves said last year (and many times since) that she had no intention of coming back to the British people with yet more tax rises, she meant it.
But now the question ahead of the budget later this month is not so much whether taxes will rise, but which taxes, and by how much? Indeed, there’s growing speculation that the chancellor will be forced to break her manifesto pledge not to raise the rates of income tax, national insurance or VAT.
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1:41
Chancellor questioned by Sky News
Her argument, made in her news conference on Tuesday morning, is that she is in this position in large part because of other people’s mistakes, primarily those of the Conservative Party.
But while it’s certainly true that a significant chunk of the likely downgrade to her fiscal position reflects the fact that the “trend growth rate” – the average speed of productivity growth – has dropped in recent years due to all sorts of issues, including Brexit, COVID-19 and the state of the labour market, she certainly bears some responsibility.
A problem that is some of her own making
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First off, she established the fiscal rules against which she is being marked by the Office for Budget Responsibility.
Second, she decided to leave herself only a wafer-thin margin against those rules.
Third, even if it weren’t for the OBR’s productivity downgrade, it’s quite likely the chancellor would have broken those fiscal rules, due to the various U-turns by the government on welfare reforms, winter fuel, and extra giveaways they haven’t yet provided the funding for, such as reversing the two-child benefit cap.
Now, at this stage, no one, save for the Treasury and the Office for Budget Responsibility, really knows the scale of the task facing the chancellor. And in the coming weeks, those numbers could change significantly.
But it’s becoming increasingly clear, from the political signalling if nothing else, that the government is rolling the pitch for bad news later this month.
Indeed, for all that this government pledged to bring an end to austerity, a combination of higher taxes and lower spending will be highly unpopular, not to mention deeply controversial. And while the chancellor will seek to blame her predecessors, it remains to be seen whether the public will be entirely convinced.
Sir Alan Bates has reached a seven-figure deal to settle his claim over the Post Office Horizon scandal, more than 20 years after he began campaigning over what turned into one of Britain’s biggest miscarriages of justice.
Sky News has learnt that the government has agreed a deal with the former sub-postmaster after handing him what he described as a “take it or leave it” offer during the spring.
Sir Alan has previously said publicly that that proposal amounted to 49.2% of his original claim.
One source suggested that his final settlement may have been worth between £4m and £5m, implying that Sir Alan’s claim could have been in the region of £10m, although those figures could not be corroborated on Tuesday morning.
A government spokesperson said: “We pay tribute to Sir Alan Bates for his long record of campaigning on behalf of victims and have now paid out over £1.2bn to more than 9,000 victims.
“We can confirm that Sir Alan’s claim has reached the end of the scheme process and been settled.”
Sky News has attempted to reach Sir Alan for comment about the settlement of his claim.
Sir Alan led efforts over many years to prove that the Horizon software system supplied by Fujitsu, the Japanese technology company, was faulty.
Hundreds of sub-postmasters were wrongly prosecuted between 1999 and 2015, with scores of people either ending their own lives or making attempts to do so.
However, it was only after ITV turned their fight for justice into a drama, Mr Bates Vs The Post Office, that the government accelerated plans to deliver redress to victims.
Even so, the compensation scheme set up to administer redress has been mired in controversy.
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Will Post Office victims be cleared?
Writing in The Sunday Times in May, Sir Alan described the process as “quasi-kangaroo courts in which the Department for Business and Trade sits in judgement of the claims and alters the goalposts as and when it chooses”.
“Claims are, and have been, knocked back on the basis that legally you would not be able to make them, or that the parameters of the scheme do not extend to certain items.”
Sir Alan had previously been made compensation offers worth just one-sixth of his claim – which he had labelled “derisory”, with a second offer amounting to a third of the sum he was seeking.
Sir Ross Cranston, a former High Court judge, adjudicates on cases where a claimant disputes a compensation offer from the government and then objects to the results of a review by an independent panel.
In 2017, Sir Alan and a group of 555 sub-postmasters sued the Post Office in the High Court, ultimately winning a £58m settlement.
However, swingeing legal fees left the group with just £12m of that sum, prompting ministers to establish a separate compensation scheme amid a growing outcry.
A significant number of other sub-postmasters have also complained publicly about the pace, and outcome, of the compensation process.
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3:01
‘This waiting is just unbearable’
The first volume of Sir Wyn Williams’s public inquiry into the Horizon scandal was published in July, and concluded that at least 13 people may have taken their own lives after being accused of wrongdoing, even though the Post Office and Fujitsu knew the Horizon system was flawed.
The miscarriage of justice left the Post Office’s reputation, and that of former bosses including chief executive Paula Vennells, in tatters.
A subsequent corporate governance mess under the last government further dragged the Post Office’s name through the mud, with the then chief executive, Nick Read, accused of being absorbed by his own remuneration.
In recent months, the government has outlined a further redress scheme aimed at compensating victims of the Capture accounting software which was in use at Post Offices between 1992 and 2000.
Since then, a new management team has been appointed and has set the objective of boosting postmasters’ pay and overhauling technology systems to enable Post Office branches to offer a broader range of services.