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Artillery strikes are playing a crucial role in Russia’s war in Ukraine in what top American commanders have called a “battle of fires”.

Russia’s military initially had a significant advantage over the Ukrainian armed forces because of a much larger arsenal of artillery systems.

It meant they were able to devastate Ukrainian positions in the east, while staying out of the range of Ukrainian weapons.

The United Kingdom, United States and belatedly Germany have worked to tip the balance of firepower on the battlefield in favour of Ukraine by giving their allies artillery systems that not only have a longer range than the Russians but fire with greater accuracy.

This includes arming Ukrainian troops with multiple-launch rocket systems or MLRS.

Putin loses 4,000 sq km in single week – Ukraine war latest updates

What is an MLRS and what version does the UK use?

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MLRS stands for “Multiple-Launch Rocket System”, a mobile rocket artillery system that fires multiple surface-to-surface missiles.

The British Army’s Royal Artillery uses the M270 rocket system.

Operated by a crew of three (driver, gunner and section chief), the weapon is a highly-mobile, automatic system that can fire 12 surface-to-surface precision-guided missiles in less than a minute. They can be fired individually or in pairs of two up to 12.

The M31 Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) munitions, with a 200lb high explosive warhead, can hit a target more than 50 miles away – twice the range of other artillery systems used by the army.

A programme is underway to extend the reach even further.

A fire control computer ensures accuracy is maintained by re-aiming the launcher between rounds.

The M270 MLRS was developed under a US-led programme that saw the first systems come into service in the 1980s.

The UK first used its MLRS during the First Gulf War

Sky News is the first to be granted permission to film a multiple-launch rocket system given to Ukraine by the UK in action during the war and to meet with the soldiers operating it.
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Sky News is the first to be granted permission to film a multiple-launch rocket system given to Ukraine by the UK

What has the UK given to Ukraine to bolster its firepower?

The UK has given a total of six MLRS to Ukraine, as well as precision guided M31A1 missiles.

The first tranche of three was announced in June 2022, with Defence Secretary Ben Wallace saying the system would “help the country defend itself against Russian aggression”.

A new commitment to double the UK’s contribution was made two months later.

Rockets being launched at Russian forces
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Rockets being launched at Russian forces

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Why does Ukraine want MLRS?

The UK MLRS and a similar artillery system provided to Ukraine by the US, called the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS), have a longer range, much better precision and a faster rate of fire compared with Soviet-designed Smerch, Uragan and Tornado multiple rocket launchers used by both Russia and Ukraine.

Germany has given the Ukrainians its version – MARS II rocket launchers as well as hundreds of rockets.

It means that Ukrainian troops are able to hit Russian positions – including armoured vehicles, military bases, command posts and ammunition stores – with accuracy and with a reduced risk of being struck in Russian return fire.

The Russian military is forced to use large numbers of rounds against a target to compensate for a lack of precision with their weapons.

The UK M31A1 missiles have been designed to defend against Russian heavy artillery and the MLRS’s range of more than 50 miles allows Ukraine to strike beyond Russian lines, while also putting it out of reach of most Russian artillery systems.

Western leaders have so far have refrained from providing Ukraine with even longer-range missiles for launchers that can reach targets up to 186 miles, allowing the military to hit areas deep inside Russian territory.

Does Russia have MLRS?

Russia has its own multiple launch rocket system: the 9K58 Smerch 300mm MLRS. It fires the 300mm 9M55K rocket and has a range of between 12 and 43 miles.

Smerch was developed in the early 1980s and entered service with the Russian Army in 1988.

It is also used by the militaries of India, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus and Ukraine, and was exported to Kuwait and Algeria.

Sky News is the first to be granted permission to film a multiple-launch rocket system given to Ukraine by the UK in action during the war and to meet with the soldiers operating it.

What is the difference between MLRS and HIMARS?

HIMARS can fire the same family of munitions as MLRS launchers but with one key difference: a wheeled chassis instead of tracks.

The tracks on the MLRS make the system highly mobile, with a max speed of 40mph.

This means the launchers are hard for the enemy to spot and can quickly change position after firing to escape airstrikes, in what has become known as a “shoot and scoot” strategy.

What are the disadvantages of MLRS?

Ukraine says the number of rocket launcher systems being provided by Western leaders is still far too small.

In June, Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Ukraine’s president, said the country needs at least 300 MLRS, 1,000 heavy howitzers, 500 tanks and 2,000 armoured vehicles – much more than the West has provided.

As well as giving the Ukrainian military rocket-launchers, the UK has also trained a number of Ukrainian troops on how to operate the system.

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Horror in Hong Kong: Residents reel from its worst disaster in modern history

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Horror in Hong Kong: Residents reel from its worst disaster in modern history

There is a thickness to the air outside Wang Fuk Court in Hong Kong’s Tai Po district.

The smoke catches in your throat and the emotion catches you off guard.

Seven of the eight tower blocks that make up this complex have been all but blackened. And through the shells that used to be windows, you can only imagine the horror and the panic that must have played out inside, the screams that went unanswered.

More than 30 hours after the blaze began here there was still a sense that it is far from under control. At various points during the day the flames sprung up from different windows, as if the fire has found fresh tinder.

Pockets of fire are still raging
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Pockets of fire are still raging

Thousands of people lived at the complex
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Thousands of people lived at the complex

Debris falls from the buildings periodically, ash still floats in the air.

As of Friday morning here, 94 people are now confirmed to have died.

There is no doubt the community is reeling. Along the surrounding streets hundreds came out to look on in horror, mostly in a stunned sort of silence.

Occasionally the air was pierced with the terrible cries of relatives, who had received the news they were dreading.

But much of the grief was quiet and held close, an arm around the shoulders or a quiet embrace.

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Deadly blaze destroys Hong Kong tower blocks

The community is coming together in their grief, hugging and supporting each other
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The community is coming together in their grief, hugging and supporting each other

Among the survivors is the Lam family, three generations of which had been living in the building for 40 years. They have lost their home and haven’t heard from their neighbours.

“The alarm was all off because of the renovation of the outside. So there is no alarm to let all the people know. Many old people, elderly people, they were all having an afternoon sleep. So nobody knew,” Ms Lam, whose father survived the fire, said.

“Once they know the fire has already burned down everything, and they cannot escape, they were all trapped in the house. This is a disaster, actually.”

Three generations of the Lam family lived in Wang Fuk Court for 40 years
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Three generations of the Lam family lived in Wang Fuk Court for 40 years

Another survivor said: “I feel sadness and hopeless and don’t know what [I’m] going to do. I don’t know. Cannot describe. So sad.”

Hong Kong is one of the world’s most densely populated cities, fire in places like this has a significantly more deadly potential.

And it also means many are displaced. Over 4,500 lived in this complex alone and are in need of emergency shelter.

A woman says she feels sad and hopeless after losing her home in the blaze
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A woman says she feels sad and hopeless after losing her home in the blaze

The government has offered temporary accommodation to many, but the community is filling the gaps.

Armies of volunteers handed out food, water, blankets and clothes, including to those who had opted to sleep on the floor of a nearby shopping area.

One man, who wanted to sleep on the floor close to his home, said he doesn’t feel supported by the government.

One man opted to sleep on the floor close to his burned-down home
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One man opted to sleep on the floor close to his burned-down home

The man said he doesn't feel supported by the government
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The man said he doesn’t feel supported by the government

There is a thin line between grief and anger, and there’s a feeling it’s narrowing here.

Many fingers have pointed towards the construction company running extensive renovations in the complex.

A netted mesh, bamboo scaffolding and polystyrene that may have been used as part of the works have all been cited as potentially speeding the spread.

Three construction bosses have already been arrested.

But there is a sense that distrust of the authorities more broadly runs deep.

“It is very serious and people are starting to feel furious about the construction company and the construction materials,” one woman said.

“There are so many layers of anger among the people. People feel that every party should take responsibility.”

Read more:
At least 83 dead as police make arrests over fire
Almost 280 people missing as blaze engulfs flats

A woman said many were angry about the construction company
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A woman said many were angry about the construction company

Everyone we spoke to wanted to wear a mask to avoid being targeted, with volunteers actively encouraging the masks, and many hinted that the system shoulders its share of responsibility for what happened.

This fire is already the worst disaster in the modern history of Hong Kong; many of the victims are elderly and many will struggle to rebuild.

There will many days of pain to come, but many days of questions too.

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At least 83 dead and hundreds missing as police make arrests over Hong Kong fire

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At least 83 dead and hundreds missing as police make arrests over Hong Kong fire

At least 83 people have been killed, and police have made several arrests, after a huge fire engulfed a high-rise residential complex in Hong Kong.

Authorities said nearly 300 people are also missing following the blaze at Wang Fuk Court in Tai Po – a suburban district with around 300,000 residents, near the border with mainland China.

At least 83 people died in the fire, according to South China Morning Post, citing the local fire department, and a further 70 people have been injured, including more than 40 who were described as critically ill in hospital on Wednesday night.

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Deadly blaze destroys Hong Kong tower blocks

Around 900 people are also in shelters as a result of the blaze.

Police have alleged its cause could have been a “grossly negligent” construction firm using unsafe materials.

Three people – two directors and an engineering consultant – have been arrested on suspicion of manslaughter.

“We have reason to believe that the company’s responsible parties were grossly negligent, which led to this accident and caused the fire to spread uncontrollably, resulting in major casualties,” said police superintendent Eileen Chung. Police have not named the company.

The complex, built in the 1980s, had been under renovation for a year.

Smoke rising from the Wang Fuk Court residential complex. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei
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Smoke rising from the Wang Fuk Court residential complex. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei

The fire broke out on Wednesday afternoon. Pic: Reuters
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The fire broke out on Wednesday afternoon. Pic: Reuters

Dozens of people remain in hospital, some are critically injured. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei
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Dozens of people remain in hospital, some are critically injured. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei

One firefighter was among those killed tackling the blaze, which broke out at 2.51pm local time on Wednesday. Another 11 firefighters were among those injured.

Fire crews said they had doused the flames in all seven of the affected blocks by Thursday morning, and were searching each floor for survivors.

Records show the Wang Fuk Court site consists of eight blocks, with almost 2,000 flats housing around 4,800 residents, including many elderly people.

A relative of a resident at the scene. Pic: Reuters
Image:
A relative of a resident at the scene. Pic: Reuters

Families have been identifying the bodies of relatives while others have been visiting shelters in the area, searching for missing loved ones.

Hong Kong leader John Lee said on Thursday the government will set up a HK$300m (£29m) fund to help residents.

Charred bamboo and plastic mesh covers the complex, which was undergoing renovation works. Pic: Reuters
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Charred bamboo and plastic mesh covers the complex, which was undergoing renovation works. Pic: Reuters

Firefighters searching between floors at one of the high-rise blocks. Pic: Reuters
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Firefighters searching between floors at one of the high-rise blocks. Pic: Reuters

The cause of the fire is being investigated, but it appears to have started in bamboo scaffolding and construction mesh sheets and then spread across seven of the complex’s eight buildings – likely aided by windy conditions.

Bamboo scaffolding is commonly used in Hong Kong, but is in the process of being phased out because of safety concerns.

Hong Kong’s Association for the Rights of Industrial Accident Victims said there have been at least three fires involving bamboo scaffolding this year.

Temporary shelters have been set up for residents. Pic: AP
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Temporary shelters have been set up for residents. Pic: AP

Supplies are brought to a school which is serving as a shelter. Pic: Kyodo/AP
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Supplies are brought to a school which is serving as a shelter. Pic: Kyodo/AP

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China’s state broadcaster CCTV said President Xi Jinping has urged an “all-out effort” to extinguish the fire and minimise casualties and losses.

Both the US and British Consulate Generals for Hong Kong have sent condolences to those affected, as has Taiwan’s president.

Parts of the huge complex were still smouldering on Thursday. Pic: AP
Image:
Parts of the huge complex were still smouldering on Thursday. Pic: AP

Firefighters work to extinguish the blaze. Pic: AP
Image:
Firefighters work to extinguish the blaze. Pic: AP

The number of dead is the highest in a Hong Kong fire since 1948, when 176 people were killed in a warehouse blaze.

The fire has prompted comparisons to the Grenfell Tower blaze which killed 72 people in 2017, blamed on flammable cladding, as well as failings by the government and the construction industry.

“Our hearts go out to all those affected by the horrific fire in Hong Kong,” the Grenfell United survivors’ group said on
social media.

“To the families, friends and communities, we stand with you. You are not alone.”

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France reveals new national military service amid fears of Russian threat

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France reveals new national military service amid fears of Russian threat

If you’re still under any illusions about how seriously Ukraine’s allies view the wider threat from Russia, the wave of countries bringing back military service should help clarify that.

France is the latest, today announcing a new national service for over 18s.

Ahead of the plan being unveiled, President Emmanuel Macron said: “If the French want to protect ourselves, we must show that we are not weak in the face of one power that threatens us the most.”

President Macron prior to his speech on Thursday. Pic: AP
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President Macron prior to his speech on Thursday. Pic: AP

That threat primarily comes from Russia, a country that numerous military chiefs have warned may be ready to attack a NATO member by 2030.

In essence, with today’s announcement, Mr Macron is trying to prepare a force to help protect France if attacked.

The young recruits would help bolster the military, which is already the second largest in the EU after Poland.

Pic: AP
Image:
Pic: AP

As more countries look to strengthen their defences, Moscow has accused European leaders of warmongering and consistently denied any threat to wider Europe.

More on Europe

However, its seeming unwillingness to stop the bloodshed in Ukraine, the recent drone and jet incursions into NATO airspace, and the intensifying hybrid war it’s accused of carrying out across Europe mean few of Ukraine’s allies still trust the Kremlin’s word.

Read more:
Does Germany need to be ready for war?

Uncertainly about whether the US could be relied upon in a fight has fuelled the unease.

That hasn’t been helped by the fact the first 28-point peace plan presented by the US appeared to come straight out Moscow’s playbook.

In these uncertain times, France isn’t alone in looking to bolster its defences. Ten EU countries already have compulsory military service, while nations including Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany are opting for voluntary schemes.

After years of neglecting its military, Germany is massively boosting defence spending, with the chancellor pledging to build the strongest conventional army in Europe.

The German parliament is expected to vote on the military service plan in December.

As one German general told me: “We are not at war, but we are no longer living in peacetime…

“We do not want war, but we must be ready to defend our country.”

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