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Iranians protest to demand justice and highlight the death of Mahsa Amini, who was arrested by morality police and subsequently died in hospital in Tehran under suspicious circumstances.

Mike Kemp | In Pictures via Getty Images

Iranians are turning to virtual private networks to bypass widespread internet disruptions as the government tries to conceal its crackdown on mass protests.

Outages first started hitting Iran’s telecommunications networks on Sept 19., according to data from internet monitoring companies Cloudflare and NetBlocks, and have been ongoing for the last two and a half weeks.

Internet monitoring groups and digital rights activists say they’re seeing “curfew-style” network disruptions every day, with access being throttled from around 4 p.m. local time until well into the night.

Tehran blocked access to WhatsApp and Instagram, two of the last remaining uncensored social media services in Iran. Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and several other platforms have been banned for years.

As a result, Iranians have flocked to VPNs, services that encrypt and reroute their traffic to a remote server elsewhere in the world to conceal their online activity. This has allowed them to restore connections to restricted websites and apps.

On Sept. 22, a day after WhatsApp and Instagram were banned, demand for VPN services skyrocketed 2,164% compared to the 28 days prior, according to figures from Top10VPN, a VPN reviews and research site.

Iran shuts down the internet as government cracks down on protests

By Sept. 26, demand peaked at 3,082% above average, and it has continued to remain high since, at 1,991% above normal levels, Top10VPN said.

“Social media plays a crucial role in protests all around the world,” Simon Migliano, head of research at Top10VPN, told CNBC. “It allows protesters to organize and ensure the authorities can’t control the narrative and suppress evidence of human rights abuses.”

“The Iranian authorities’ decision to block access to these platforms as the protests erupted has caused demand for VPNs to skyrocket,” he added.

Demand is much higher than during the uprisings of 2019, which were triggered by rising fuel prices and led to a near-total internet blackout for 12 days. Back then, peak demand was only around 164% higher than usual, according to Migliano.

Nationwide protests over Iran’s strict Islamic dress code began on Sept. 16 following the death of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old woman. Amini died under suspicious circumstances after being detained — and allegedly struck — by Iran’s so-called “morality police” for wearing her hijab too loosely. Iranian authorities denied any wrongdoing and claimed Amini died of a heart attack.

At least 154 people have been killed in the protests, including children, according to the nongovernmental group Iran Human Rights. The government has reported 41 deaths. Tehran has sought to prevent the sharing of images of its crackdown and hamper communication aimed at organizing further demonstrations.

The Iranian Foreign Ministry did not immediately respond to a CNBC request for comment.

Why VPNs are popular in Iran

VPNs are a common way for people under regimes with strict internet controls to access blocked services. In China, for instance, they’re often used as a workaround to restrictions on Western platforms blocked by Beijing, including Google, Facebook and Twitter. Homegrown platforms like Tencent’s WeChat are extremely limited in terms of what can be said by users.

Russia saw a similar rise in demand for VPNs in March after Moscow tightened internet curbs following the invasion of Ukraine.

Swiss startup Proton said it saw daily signups to its VPN service balloon as much as 5,000% at the peak of the Iran protests compared to average levels. Proton is best known as the creator of ProtonMail, a popular privacy-focused email service.

“Since the killing of Mahsa Amini, we have seen a huge uptick in demand for Proton VPN,” Proton CEO and founder Andy Yen told CNBC. “Even prior to that, though, VPN usage is high in Iran due to censorship and fears of surveillance.”

“Historically, we have seen internet crackdowns during periods of unrest in Iran which lead to a rise in VPN usage.”

The most popular VPN services during the protests in Iran have been Lantern, Mullvad and Psiphon, according to Top10VPN, with ExpressVPN also seeing big increases. Some VPNs are free to use, while others require a monthly subscription.

Not a silver bullet

The use of VPNs in tightly restricted countries like Iran hasn’t been without its challenges.

“It is fairly easy for regimes to block the IP addresses of the VPN servers as they can be found quite easily,” said Deryck Mitchelson, field chief information security officer for the EMEA region at Check Point Software.

“For that reason you will find that open VPNs are only available for a short duration before they are identified and blocked.”

Periodic internet outages in Iran have “continued daily in a curfew-style rolling manner,” said NetBlocks, in a blog post. The disruption “affects connectivity at the network layer,” NetBlocks said, meaning they’re not  easily solved through the use of VPNs. 

Mahsa Alimardani, a researcher at free speech campaign group Article 19, said a contact she’s been communicating with in Iran showed his network failing to connect to Google, despite having installed a VPN.

“This is new refined deep packet inspection technology that they’ve developed to make the network extremely unreliable,” she said. Such technology allows internet service providers and governments to monitor and block data on a network.

Authorities are being much more aggressive in seeking to thwart new VPN connections, she added.

Yen said Proton has “anti-censorship technologies” built into its VPN software to “ensure connectivity even under challenging network conditions.”

VPNs aren’t the only techniques citizens can use to circumvent internet censorship. Volunteers are setting up so-called Snowflake proxy servers, or “proxies,” on their browsers to allow Iranians access to Tor — software that routes traffic through a “relay” network around the world to obfuscate their activity.

“As well as VPNs, Iranians have also been downloading Tor in significantly greater numbers than usual,” said Yen.

Meanwhile, encrypted messaging app Signal compiled a guide on how Iranians can use proxies to bypass censorship and access the Signal app, which was blocked in Iran last year. Proxies serve a similar purpose as Tor, tunneling traffic through a community of computers to help users in countries where online access is restricted preserve anonymity.

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Nvidia’s next chips are named after Vera Rubin, woman who discovered dark matter

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Nvidia’s next chips are named after Vera Rubin, woman who discovered dark matter

Jensen Huang, co-founder and CEO of Nvidia, displays the new Blackwell GPU chip during the Nvidia GPU Technology Conference in San Jose, California, on March 18, 2024.

David Paul Morris/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang is expected to reveal details about Rubin, the chipmaker’s next AI graphics processor, on Tuesday at the company’s annual GTC conference. 

While other tech companies usually name their products using combinations of inscrutable letters and numbers, most of Nvidia’s most recent GPU architectures have been named after famous women scientists.

Nvidia is naming its next critical AI chip platform after Vera Rubin, an American astronomer.

The company has never explained its naming convention, and hasn’t emphasized the diversity aspect of its choices, but Nvidia’s chip names that highlight women and minority scientists are one of the most visible efforts to honor diversity in the tech industry during a period where diversity, equity and inclusion, or DEI, initiatives are being slashed by the Trump administration.

Rubin discovered a lot of what is known about “dark matter,” a form of matter that could make up a quarter of the matter of the universe and which doesn’t emit light or radiation, and she advocated for women in science throughout her career.

Nvidia has been naming its architectures after scientists since 1998, when its first chips were based on the company’s “Fahrenheit” microarchitecture. It’s part of the company’s culture – Nvidia used to sell an employee-only t-shirt with cartoons of several famous scientists on it.

It’s one of Nvidia’s quirks that has received more attention as it’s risen to become one of the three most-valuable tech companies and one of the most important suppliers to Google, Microsoft, Amazon, OpenAI, Tesla and Meta.

Investors want to hear on Tuesday how fast the Rubin chips will be, what configurations it will come in and when it might start shipping.

Before revealing a new architecture, Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang usually gives a one-sentence biography of the scientist it’s named after.

“I’d like to introduce you to a very, very big GPU named after David Blackwell, mathematician, game theorist, probability,” Huang said at last year’s GTC conference. “We thought it was a perfect name.”

Rubin is a fitting name for Nvidia’s next chip, which comes as the company tries to solidify the gains it has made in recent years as the leader in AI hardware. “Vera” will refer to Nvidia’s next-generation central processor, and “Rubin” will refer to Nvidia’s new GPU.

FILE PHOTO: World famous astronomer Vera Rubin, 82, in her office at Carnegie Institution of Washington in Washington, DC on January 14, 2010.

Linda Davidson | The Washington Post | Getty Images

Born in Philadelphia in 1928, Rubin studied deep space and worked with other scientists to develop better telescopes and instruments that could collect more detailed data about the universe. In 1968, according to a Nova documentary, she started observing the Andromeda galaxy and collecting the data that would upend science’s understanding of our universe.

Her primary claim to fame came after she observed how quickly galaxies rotate.

“The presumption was that the stars near the center of a galaxy would be orbiting very rapidly, and stars at the outside would be going very slowly,” Rubin said in 1987.

But Rubin realized that she was observing that outer stars were moving quickly, contrary to expectations. They weren’t flying out of orbit, which meant that there had to be more mass scientists weren’t observing — confirming the concept of dark matter.

She was acclaimed during her lifetime, published over 100 papers and held three advanced degrees, but she still faced discrimination because of her sex. Early in her career, Rubin wasn’t allowed to collect her own data, and some observatories didn’t allow women, according to the documentary.

Rubin died in 2016. In 2019, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, a state-of-the-art telescope in Chile, was named after her. A biography on the federally-funded observatory’s website was edited to remove details about her advocacy for women in science earlier this year, according to ProPublica.

“I hope you will love your work as I love doing astronomy,” Rubin said at a commencement address in 1996. “I hope that you will fight injustice and discrimination in all its guises.”

Rubin isn’t the first woman to be honored with an Nvidia chip named after her.

Before Blackwell, who was the first Black American inducted into the National Academy of Sciences, Nvidia’s most advanced AI chip family was Hopper, named after American computer scientist Grace Hopper, who coined the term “bug” to refer to computer glitches. In 2022, Nvidia released its “Ada Lovelace” architecture, named after the British mathematician who pioneered computer algorithms in the 19th century.

The scientist names used to be a secondary naming convention, taking a back seat to the actual product name, and primarily appearing in marketing copy. Nvidia users more frequently referred to the “H100” chip or marketing names for consumer graphics cards like GeForce RTX 3090.

But last year, Huang emphasized that Blackwell wasn’t a single chip, it was a technology platform, and Nvidia increasingly started using the term “Blackwell” to refer to all of the company’s latest-generation AI products, such as its GB200 chip and DGX server racks.

Keeping momentum going

Now investors and analysts track how many “Hoppers” are in use, and big companies brag about having early access to “Blackwell.”

It’s critical for Nvidia that Rubin achieve the same last-name familiarity level as Hopper and Blackwell.

The company’s sales more than doubled in its fiscal 2025, ended January, to $124.62 billion, thanks to durable sales for the company’s Hopper chips and early demand for the company’s Blackwell chips.

In order to keep growth rising, Nvidia needs to deliver a next-generation chip that justifies its cost and improves on the previous generation’s speeds, power efficiency and cost of ownership.

The company has targeted 2026 for a rollout of the Vera chips, according to an investor presentation last fall. In addition to Vera Rubin, Nvidia is expected to discuss Blackwell Ultra, an updated version of its Blackwell chips that analysts expect the company to start selling later this year.

Huang also teased during an earnings call last month that he’ll show the “next click” after Vera Rubin. That architecture will likely be named after a scientist, too.

“These products should excite partners at the conference ranging from Microsoft to Dell to sovereigns, which normally would please investors,” Melius Research analyst Ben Reitzes wrote in a note on Monday.

Tuesday’s keynote will also be a test of Nvidia’s relatively new release cadence, where it strives to reveal new chips on an annual basis. Investors will also want to see whether Nvidia can continue to impress tech critics and developers while releasing new chip families on a faster schedule than it’s used to. Blackwell was announced last March, and its sales started showing up in Nvidia’s October quarter.

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Final Trades: Nvidia, Taiwan Semi, Amazon and the IEFA

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Why the toll road text scam is out of control across the U.S., and Apple, Android can’t do anything to stop it

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Why the toll road text scam is out of control across the U.S., and Apple, Android can't do anything to stop it

The texts first started arriving on Eric Moyer’s phone in February.  They warned him that if he didn’t pay his FastTrak lane tolls by February 21, he could face a fine and lose his license.

The Virginia Beach resident did what the majority of people do: ignore them. But there was enough hesitation to at least double-check.

“I knew they were a scam immediately; however, I had to verify my intuition, of course; I accessed my E-ZPass account to ensure, plus I knew that I had not utilized a toll road in recent months,” Moyer said, adding that his wife’s phone also received the same blitz of menacing messages.

But not everyone ignores them, and, unlike Moyer, not everyone has an E-ZPass account to check. Some people do pay, which makes the whole endeavor worthwhile for hackers, and which is why the toll texts keep coming. And coming.

In fact, cybersecurity firm Trend Micro has seen a 900% increase in searches for “toll road scams” in the last three months, meaning, the company says, that these scams are hitting everyone, everywhere, and hard. 

“It is obviously working; they are getting victims to pay it. This one apparently seems to be going on a lot longer than we normally see these things,” said Jon Clay, vice president of threat intelligence at Trend Micro.

In this case, the “they” are likely Chinese criminal gangs working from wherever they can find a foothold, including Southeast Asia, which Clay says Chinese criminal gangs are turning into a hot spot.

“They are basically building big data centers in the jungle,” Clay said, and staffing them with scammers.

Clay also says that absent a big news event that scammers can latch onto, the toll scam fills the void. But he said tax-time scams will soon really ramp up.

What really makes the toll scam effective is that it is cheap and easy for scammers to utilize. They can buy numbers in bulk and send out millions of texts. A handful of people will be persuaded to pay the $3 toll fee to avoid the (fictional) threat of fines or licensing revocation. But Clay says they aren’t just interested in the $3; it’s your personal information that you’ll enter that has far more value.

“Once they have that, they can scam you for other things,” Clay said. 

Aidan Holland, senior security researcher at threat research platform Censys, has been extensively tracking toll scams and agrees that they are likely perpetuated by Chinese criminals overseas. Holland has identified 60,000 domains, which he estimates cost the criminals $90,000 to buy in bulk and use to launch attacks.

“You don’t invest that much unless you are getting some kind of return,” Holland said.

State-run toll systems across the U.S. targeted

The domains use variations of state-run toll systems like Georgia’s Peach Pass, Florida’s Sun Pass, or Texas’s Texas Tag. They also have more domains from generic-sounding toll systems for people who don’t have a specific toll system in their state. He’s traced the domains to Chinese networks, which point to a Chinese origin.

Apple’s iPhones are supposed to have a safety feature that strips the link from the text, but hackers are finding ways to evade that, making it easier to fall for the ruse.

“They are constantly changing tactics,” Holland said.

Apple did not respond to a request for comment.

“Apple doesn’t do anything about it. … Android will add it to their spam list so you won’t get texts from the same number, but then the scammers will just change numbers,” Clay said. “Apple has done a wonderful job of telling everyone their phone is secure, and they are, but not from this kind of attack,” Clay added.

Across the 241 miles of the Ohio Turnpike, the scam first appeared on the state’s radar in April 2024, but it has been ramping up recently, said a spokesman for the Ohio public road system.

“Over the past two weeks, our customer service center has received a record number of calls from customers and mobile device users in area codes across Ohio and elsewhere about the texting scam,” the spokesman said. The good news, he says, is that the calls have been tailing off in recent days, likely because of growing awareness, and he said personally he knows of few who have fallen for the scam.

However, the issue has become acute enough that the Ohio Turnpike and Infrastructure Commission produced a public service video to raise awareness.

Ultimately, scammers are banking on human nature to make scams effective.

“Scammers want people to panic, not pause, so they use fear and urgency to rush people into clicking before they spot the scam,” said Amy Bunn, online safety advocate at McAfee. Bunn says that AI tools are making this type of scan more prevalent.

“Greater access to AI tools helps cybercriminals create a higher volume of convincing text messages that trick people into sharing sensitive personal or payment information – like they’d enter when paying a toll road fine,” Bunn said. McAfee research found that toll scams nearly quadrupled in volume from early January to the end of February this year.

Even if you know the text is fraudulent, she says it is important to avoid the urge to text them a few choice words or a simple “stop.” 

Don’t engage at all.

“Even a seemingly innocent reply to the message can tip scammers off that your number is live and active,” Bunn said.

Holland worries that the ones falling for the scam are society’s most vulnerable: the elderly and less tech-savvy people, even children who may receive the messages on their phones.

Others have an easier out for spotting a fraud.

“I got my first text yesterday; I just deleted it. The funny thing about it is that I don’t drive and haven’t for over 30 years,” said Millie Lewis, 77, of Cleves, Ohio.

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Adobe shares drop 13% as concerns about AI growth overshadow better-than-expected results

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Adobe shares drop 13% as concerns about AI growth overshadow better-than-expected results

Shantanu Narayen, Chairman and CEO of Adobe Systems addresses the gathering on the first day of the three-day B20 Summit in New Delhi on August 25, 2023.

Sajjad Hussain | AFP | Getty Images

Adobe shares dropped 13% following the company’s quarterly earnings report as investors fretted over lingering growth concerns and the software maker’s artificial intelligence monetization strategy.

The sell-off came despite better-than-expected results, which included adjusted earnings of $5.08 per share and $5.71 billion in revenue. That surpassed analysts’ estimates of $4.97 in earnings per share and $5.66 billion in revenue, according to LSEG.

Adobe called for $4.95 to $5.00 in adjusted earnings per share for the current quarter on $5.77 billion to $5.82 billion in revenue. Analysts polled by LSEG had expected $5.00 per share on $5.80 billion in revenue.

Worries have mounted in recent months that the company is falling behind some competitors and losing its advantage in generative AI. The company’s annualized recurring revenue from AI contributed $125 million during the period and Adobe expects that to double by the end of the fiscal year.

Bernstein’s Mark Moerdler, who recommends buying on the stock, wrote in a report that to “believe that ADBE is an AI winner and that AI is not replacing existing revenue streams, investors need to be able to observe longer-term trends.”

Keith Weiss, an analyst at Morgan Stanley, wrote that “new disclosure of GenAI contribution is a step in the right direction,” but that investors need to see a “clearer roadmap” at the company’s investor meeting at its annual conference next week. Morgan Stanley has the equivalent of a buy rating on the stock.

In an interview with CNBC’s “Closing Bell: Overtime” on Wednesday, Adobe CEO Shantanu Narayen said that, “Not only are we infusing AI in our existing products and delivering value, but it’s clear that the innovation that we’ve delivered is creating new revenue streams.”

Total revenue increased 10% year over year in the quarter that ended on Feb. 28, according to a statement. Net income of $1.81 billion, or $4.14 per share, was up from $620 million, or $1.36 per share, in the same quarter a year earlier. Adjusted earnings per share exclude impact from stock-based compensation and income taxes.

For the 2025 fiscal year, the company expects adjusted earnings per share of between $20.20 and $20.50, with $23.3 billion to $23.55 billion in revenue. That implies about 9% growth at the middle of the range. The LSEG consensus was for earnings of $20.40 per share, with $23.49 billion in revenue.

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