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US scientists have carried out the first ever nuclear fusion experiment to achieve a net energy gain, paving the way for a “clean energy source that could revolutionise the world”.

During a landmark news briefing at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, officials revealed the successful fusion experiment had taken place last week.

As it happened: ‘Amazing’ scientific breakthrough could create limitless energy

It was the result of “60 years of global research, development, engineering, and experimentation”, which could eventually become the backbone of commercial electricity generation.

Such a result would supercharge the world’s shift to renewable energy, helping to fight climate change.

US energy secretary Jennifer Granholm said the breakthrough “will go down in the history books”.

“This is one of the most impressive scientific feats of the 21st century,” she added.

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How was the experiment carried out?

The experiment involved 192 high-powered laser beams being fired at a capsule containing the elements deuterium and tritium, heating it to a temperature of more than three million degrees centigrade – thus briefly simulating the conditions of a star.

Dr Marvin Adams said it had been carried out “hundreds of times before”, but had never successfully produced more energy than was consumed.

“For the first time, they designed this experiment so that the fusion fuel stayed hot enough, dense enough, and round enough for long enough that it ignited, and it produced more energy than the lasers had deposited,” he said.

“About two mega joules in, about three mega joules out – a gain of 1.5, the energy production took less time than it takes light to travel one inch.”

It was, as he quipped, “kind of fast”.

High-powered lasers were used, converging on a target 'about the size of a peppercorn'
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High-powered lasers were used, converging on a target ‘about the size of a peppercorn’

While the target was smaller than a pea, the lasers – part of the so-called NIF system – are powerful enough to deliver more energy than the whole power grid sustaining all of the US.

Chief engineer Jean-Michel Di Nicola said it was “the size of three football fields and delivers energy in excess of two million joules with a peak power of 500 trillion watts”.

“For a very short amount of time, a few billionths of a second, it exceeds the entire US power grid,” he said.

Fusion energy breakthrough announced by U.S. scientists
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The NIF system features 192 lasers

How long before the process can create useable energy?

The question on everyone’s lips following the news briefing was how long it would take before the process can be utilised for creating energy that we can actually use.

Dr Kim Budil, director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, admitted it would take “probably decades”.

President Joe Biden has said he hopes a commercial fusion reactor will be in place within 10 years, and officials acknowledged that the private sector would have to play a big role in accelerating the shift from lab experiments to commercial electricity production.

Other nuclear fusion projects will also have a role to play – and the scientists in California cited the work of a team in Oxfordshire, who earlier this year used their JET machine to generate around 11 megawatts of energy.

That was far more than was generated in the NIF experiment, but – crucially – did not achieve net energy gain.

A significant scientific milestone – but lasers require huge power



Tom Clarke

Science and technology editor

@aTomClarke

As Dr Marv Adams was holding up the cylindrical target containing the “peppercorn-sized” pellet of fusion fuel, he confirmed they had achieved “ignition” of a fusion reaction.

He also revealed the scientists put about 2MJ of energy into their fusion reaction and got about 3MJ out.

That’s the evidence of the “energy gain” that this announcement is all about.

That’s the significant scientific milestone: proving a fusion reaction itself can generate more energy than you put into in.

But they had to use 300MJ of electricity to power up their lasers.

So from an energy production point of view, they’re still having to put in 99% more power into the machine as a whole as they are getting out.

University of Oxford Professor Gianluca Gregori, a specialist in the kind of lasers used at the lab, stressed that the amount of energy produced was smaller than that needed to power a wall plug.

“While this is not yet an economically viable power plant, the path for the future is much clearer,” he added.

Jeremy Chittenden, professor of plasma physics at Imperial College London, said scientists “will need to find a way to reproduce the same effect much more frequently and much more cheaply”.

If they do, it would be a huge shot in the arm for the world’s push towards renewables.

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US military says eight ‘narco-terrorists’ killed in strikes on three boats in Pacific

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US military says eight 'narco-terrorists' killed in strikes on three boats in Pacific

Eight people have been killed in US military strikes on three boats it has accused of smuggling drugs in the Pacific Ocean.

The US military’s Southern Command said the strikes targeted “designated terrorist organisations” killing three “narco-terrorists” in the first vessel, two in the second boat and three in the third.

No evidence the vessels were involved in drug trafficking has been given, but a video showing the strikes on the boats was posted on social media.

Southern Command added that defence secretary Pete Hegseth ordered the strikes, and claimed intelligence confirmed the vessels were using known drug trafficking routes and engaged in drug trafficking.

The US military said it carried out strikes in the Pacific Ocean on three boats it accused of trafficking drugs. Pic: X/@Southcom
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The US military said it carried out strikes in the Pacific Ocean on three boats it accused of trafficking drugs. Pic: X/@Southcom

One of the boats targeted during the strikes. Pic: X/@Southcom
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One of the boats targeted during the strikes. Pic: X/@Southcom

It is unclear where the vessels were from, but the strikes mark the latest in Donald Trump‘s “war” with drug cartels, which has also seen vessels targeted in the Caribbean Sea, including near Venezuela.

Over the past several months, the US has been carrying out a large-scale military build-up in the southern Caribbean, with the stated goal of combating drug trafficking.

In its first lethal strike on 2 September, the White House posted on X that it had conducted a strike against “narcoterrorists” shipping fentanyl to the US, without providing evidence of the alleged crime.

Sky’s Data & Forensics unit last week verified that in the four months up to 10 December, 23 boats were targeted in 22 strikes, killing 87 people.

US forces also seized a crude oil tanker, named Skipper, off the coast of Venezuela last week.

The government in Caracas, led by President Nicolas Maduro, who insists the real purpose of the US military operations is to force him out of office, branded the ship’s seizure a “blatant theft” and an “act of international piracy”.

Read more from Sky News:
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On Monday, Mr Trump signed an executive order declaring fentanyl a “weapon of mass destruction”.

The order instructs the State and Treasury departments to pursue the financial assets of and sanctions on financial institutions and groups involved in fentanyl trafficking.

It also calls for greater co-operation between the Pentagon and the Justice Department on fentanyl and drug trafficking issues.

The latest strikes on vessels allegedly trafficking drugs come on the eve of briefings on Capitol Hill for all members of Congress as questions mount over the Trump administration’s military actions.

Mr Hegseth, secretary of state Marco Rubio, and other top national security officials are expected to provide closed-door briefings for politicians in the House and Senate.

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Trump says he has asked Xi Jinping to free Briton Jimmy Lai

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Trump says he has asked Xi Jinping to free Briton Jimmy Lai

Donald Trump has asked his Chinese counterpart to release pro-democracy campaigner Jimmy Lai, who has been found guilty of national security offences in Hong Kong.

The US president said he felt “so badly” about the media tycoon and British citizen, 78, who was arrested in August 2020 after China imposed a national security law following massive anti-government protests in Hong Kong.

Lai, who had previously been sentenced for several lesser offences during his five years in prison, could now spend the rest of his life behind bars.

Jimmy Lai. Pic: Reuters
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Jimmy Lai. Pic: Reuters

Mr Trump said he had spoken to Xi Jinping about Lai’s case and asked for his release.

“I spoke to President Xi about it, and I asked to consider his release,” he said. “He’s not well, he’s an older man, and he’s not well, so I did put that request out. We’ll see what happens.”

It comes as UK Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper said China’s ambassador to the UK had been summoned over Lai’s conviction to underline the government’s position in the “strongest terms”.

Speaking in parliament, she repeated calls for Lai to be released and called the conviction “a politically motivated prosecution”.

People wait to enter the court building ahead of the verdict. Pic: AP
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People wait to enter the court building ahead of the verdict. Pic: AP

Ms Cooper made the remarks after Sir Keir Starmer’s spokesperson said Lai’s case has been a priority for the government and “we will continue to call for his immediate release”.

Earlier in the day, China’s ambassador to the UK, Zheng Zeguang, met with a senior official at the UK Foreign Office “to lodge solemn representations over the UK side’s statement that made irresponsible remarks on the Hong Kong High Court’s guilty verdict in the Jimmy Lai case”, China’s embassy said.

Explained: Who is Jimmy Lai?

Lai, who founded the now-defunct pro-democracy newspaper Apple Daily, was charged with two counts of conspiracy to commit collusion with foreign forces to endanger national security, as well as one count of conspiracy to distribute seditious publications. He was found guilty of all three charges.

Speaking after the verdict, Lai’s daughter Claire said if he were released he would devote himself to God and his family rather than political activism.

“He just wants to reunite with his family. He wants to dedicate his life to serving our Lord, and he wants to dedicate the rest of his days to his family,” Claire Lai told the Associated Press. “My father is fundamentally not a man who operates on illegal ground.”

Claire Lai. Pic: Reuters
Image:
Claire Lai. Pic: Reuters

She said five years of solitary confinement has taken a toll on his health, and he has lost a significant amount of weight.

“He is a lot weaker and has only gotten weaker in the last year,” she said. “He has back pains and waist pains, his nails… when we visit, we can tell that they’re turning colours and falling off. Some of his teeth are rotting.”

He also has heart palpitations, is diabetic and his vision and hearing are failing, she added.

Hong Kong’s security chief, Chris Tang, said Lai has received “full medical services” and has never complained of the medical care he has been given.

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Jimmy Lai’s son: UK government must ‘do more’

‘You’ve got to keep fighting’

Meanwhile, her brother Sebastian Lai is lobbying the UK government for their father’s release.

“Regarding the United Kingdom, we talk about normalising relationships. Well, my father’s freedom should be a precondition to that,” he said.

Asked if he is optimistic international pressure can help, he said: “I think you’ve got to keep fighting no matter what. I think, taking my father’s example, standing up for what is right is why we’re doing it. This is my way of fighting for it.”

Hong Kong’s leader John Lee welcomed the verdict, saying: “He has harmed the fundamental interests of the country and the well-being of the people of Hong Kong; his actions are shameful and his intentions malicious.”

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European leaders back ‘multinational force’ to secure peace in Ukraine, as US commits to security guarantees

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European leaders back 'multinational force' to secure peace in Ukraine, as US commits to security guarantees

European leaders have called for a “multinational force” to secure Ukraine after any peace deal with Russia, as they struck an optimistic tone after talks in Berlin.

In a joint statement, they heralded “significant progress” – boosted by a new US commitment to provide unspecified security guarantees to Ukraine.

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz described the guarantees by the US as “truly remarkable” and a “very important advancement”.

Adding to the positive mood music, Donald Trump said he believed “we are closer now than we have been ever” to agreeing a ceasefire for the deadliest conflict in Europe since the Second World War.

The comments round off two days of talks in Berlin between Ukrainian and US envoys Steve Witkoff and Jared Kushner, and a separate meeting of European leaders in the German capital.

Another high-level meeting, this time of the Ukraine Defence Contact Group, will be held on Tuesday. The British defence secretary, John Healey, will attend.

Read more: UK’s ‘sons and daughters’ need to be ready to fight

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Siobhan Robbins: Change in mood music after US-Ukraine talks

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy was not quite as cheery after Monday’s developments, called the talks on conceding territories to Russia “painful” and “very difficult”.

He told reporters in Berlin: “Frankly speaking, we still have different positions.”

Earlier, his security officials claimed to have dealt a lethal strike to a $400m (£299m) Russian submarine in the Black Sea – a claim that Russia rejected.

“The information from the Ukrainian special services about the alleged destruction of one of Russia’s submarines is not true”, said the Black Sea Fleet command.

Not a single ship or submarine of the Black Sea Fleet in the Novorossiysk base bay, nor their crews, were injured in the sabotage, the fleet command said.

Back in Berlin, European leaders issued a joint statement on behalf of the leaders of Germany, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and the UK, as well as the presidents of the European Council and the European Commission.

European, US and Ukrainian officials convened in the chancellery in Berlin. Pic: AP
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European, US and Ukrainian officials convened in the chancellery in Berlin. Pic: AP

The document said the leaders “welcomed the close work between President Zelenskyy’s and President Trump’s teams, as well as European teams over the recent days and weeks”.

“They agreed to work together with President Trump and President Zelenskyy to get to a lasting peace, which preserves Ukrainian sovereignty and European security.

“Leaders appreciated the strong convergence between the United States, Ukraine and Europe.”

Outlining what they considered necessary security guarantees, the leaders said the “multinational force” should be made up of countries from the so-called Coalition of the Willing and “supported by the US”.

They also said they “strongly support” Ukraine joining the European Union, and that it should be able to maintain its armed forces at a level of 800,000.

“It will assist in the regeneration of Ukraine’s forces, in securing Ukraine’s skies, and in supporting safer seas, including through operating inside Ukraine.”

A US official said about 90% of issues between the warring parties had been resolved and that they believed Russia would be open to Ukraine joining the European Union, and to the security guarantees in the deal.

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