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A new law that went into effect this week requires most California employers to disclose salaries on job listings.

The law affects every company with more than 15 employees looking to fill a job that could be performed from the state of California. It covers hourly and temporary work, all the way up to openings for highly-paid technology executives.

That means it’s now possible to know the salaries top tech companies pay their workers. For example:

Notably, these salary listings do not include any bonuses or equity grants, which many tech companies use to attract and retain employees.

California is the latest and biggest state to enact a pay transparency law, joining Colorado and New York City, which had previously passed similar policies. But more than 20% of Fortune 500 companies are based in California, including leaders in technology and media, and advocates hope that California’s new law will be the tipping point that turns posting salary information into standard practice.

In the U.S., there are now 13 cities and states which require employers to share salary information, covering about one in four workers in the U.S., according to Payscale, a software firm focusing on salary comparison.

California’s pay transparency law is intended to reduce gender and race pay gaps and help minorities and women better compete in the labor market. For example, people can compare their current pay with job listings with the same job title and see if they’re being underpaid.

Women earn about 83 cents for every dollar a man earns, according to the U.S. Census.

“You’re going to need a lot of different elements in place in order for men and women to get paid the same for the same amount of work and the same experience,” said Monique Limón, the California state senator who sponsored the new law. “And one of those is transparency around salary ranges.”

But the new disclosures under the law might not tell the whole story of what a job pays. Companies can choose to display wide pay ranges, violating the spirit of the law, and the law doesn’t require companies to reveal bonuses or equity compensation.

The law could also penalize ambitious workers who are gunning for more money because of their experience or skills, the California Chamber of Commerce said last year when opposing the bill. Some employers might be wary of posting pay to prevent bidding wars for top talent.

In a comment to CNBC, a Meta spokesperson said, “To ensure fairness and eliminate bias in our compensation systems, we regularly conduct pay equity analysis, and our latest analysis confirms that we continue to have pay equity across genders globally and by race in the US for people in similar jobs.” The firm also noted that it generally pays full-time employees in equity as well as cash.

Apple and Google did not immediately return requests for comment.

The new law

There are two primary components to California Senate Bill No. 1162, which was passed in September and went into effect on Jan. 1.

First is the pay transparency component on job listings, which applies to any company with more than 15 employees if the job could be done in California.

The second part requires companies with more than 100 employees to submit a pay data report to the state of California with detailed salary information broken down by race, sex, and job category. Companies have to provide a similar report on the federal level, but California now requires more details.

Employers are required to maintain detailed records of each job title and its wage history, and California’s Labor Commissioner can inspect those records. California can enforce the law through fines and can investigate violations. The reports won’t be published publicly under the new law.

California state Sen. Limón said that the bill helps narrow pay gaps by giving information to people so they can negotiate their pay better or determine if they are being underpaid for their experience and skills. It will also help the state check to make sure companies are following existing equal pay laws.

“The reason this is important is that we are not able to address problems that we cannot see,” Limón said.

Limón also hopes that the requirement will help California companies recruit the best talent and compete against other states which don’t require employers to post salaries. Ultimately, she says, helping making sure women and people of color are getting paid equally will help California’s economy.

Pay transparency laws could cause competition among companies that need to compete for the best talent. Some companies could even choose to post salary ranges on job listings where it’s not required.

“The consequence is not just for an individual, there are economic consequences for the state for people being underpaid,” Limón said. “That means that their earning power and how they’re able to contribute to this economy in California, whether it’s through a sales market, a housing market, through investment, is limited, because they are not being paid equitably.”

Loopholes

The new law doesn’t require employers to post total compensation, meaning that companies can leave out information about stock grants and bonuses, offering a highly incomplete picture for some highly paid jobs.

For high-paying jobs in the technology industry, equity compensation in the form of restricted stock units can make up a large percentage of an employee’s take-home pay. In industries like finance, bonuses make up a big portion of annual pay.

“Especially for tech employees, ultimately people want to know how much they’re getting in total compensation,” said Zuhayeer Musa, co-founder of Levels.fyi, a firm focused on recruiting and coaching for technology workers. “Sometimes stock compensation can be more than 50% of your actual total comp.”

Musa said that stock from big tech companies is basically liquid because it can be immediately sold on the stock market.

The new law also allows companies to provide wide ranges for pay, sometimes ranging over $100,000 or more between the lowest salary and the highest salary for a position. That seemingly violates the spirit of the law, but companies say that the ranges are realistic because base pay can vary widely based on skills, qualifications, experience, and location.

Companies may be open to hiring candidates with a range of experience — starting from entry-level to a more senior person — for a particular opening, said Lulu Seikaly, senior corporate attorney at Payscale.

Seikaly said she recommends clients should post job listings with a specific seniority level to narrow the potential pay range.

“When we talk to customers, and they ask what do you think is a good faith range, we tell them that’s a business decision, but the way we would do it, especially from the legal side, if you post by levels, that’s going to cover you a lot more than posting one wide range,” Seikaly said.

Some California companies are not listing salaries for jobs clearly intended to be performed in other states, but advocates hope California’s new law could spark more salary disclosures around the country. After all, a job listing with an explicit starting salary or range is likely to attract more candidates than one with unclear pay.

“I was telling some folks this morning that pay transparency right now is kind of the exception,” Seikaly said. “Give it five to 10 years, I think it’ll end up being the norm.”

Gender pay gap remains despite more women entering the work force

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Hyperscaler AI spending could slow down if Oracle shows ‘discipline’

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Hyperscaler AI spending could slow down if Oracle shows 'discipline'

Wall St. concluded companies involved in the data center are paying too much to build: Jim Cramer

CNBC’s Jim Cramer on Tuesday proposed that action from Oracle could slow down other hyperscalers’ enormous artificial intelligence spending, saying the OpenAI partner should show “discipline.”

“Oracle already has a huge amount of debt. Their balance sheet’s not that good. At some point, they’ll heed the warning of the bond market and slow things down,” he said. “These data centers cost a fortune and even the best builders stumble…Oracle can’t risk blowing up its balance sheet for Sam Altman. That’s when and how we’re going to get out of this morass.”

Cramer named five tech behemoths engaged in massive AI spending: Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Meta and OpenAI in partnership with Oracle. These names are trying to outspend each other, building data centers wherever they can, Cramer said. He added that they’re also trying to keep rivals from encroaching on their core businesses.

This “reckless, imprudent data center spending” has sent these stocks’ valuations plummeting, Cramer said. He suggested that OpenAI “is funded by venture capitalists and the company seems willing to spend itself to death.” Other companies will try to keep up as long as the the ChatGPT maker keeps spending, Cramer continued. OpenAI has committed to spending over $300 billion over five years on Oracle’s technology, and its many commitments to other companies total close to $1.4 trillion.

But Oracle’s $18 billion bond issuance drew scrutiny across Wall Street, Cramer said, as many investors aggressively bought credit default swaps — insurance paid out if a company defaults on its obligations. If Oracle pumps the breaks on spending, competitors could follow suit and see their stocks climb, Cramer said.

“This way Oracle stays alive, and OpenAI is forced to choose which businesses it truly wants to target,” he said. “Because he who defends everything defends nothing.”

Oracle and OpenAI did not immediately respond to request for comment.

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Tesla stock hits record as Wall Street rallies around robotaxi hype despite slow EV sales

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Tesla stock hits record as Wall Street rallies around robotaxi hype despite slow EV sales

Tesla CEO Elon Musk attends the Saudi-U.S. Investment Forum, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, May 13, 2025.

Hamad I Mohammed | Reuters

What started off as a particularly rough year for Tesla investors is turning into quite the celebration.

Following a 36% plunge in the first quarter, the stock’s worst period since 2022, Tesla shares have rallied all the way back, reaching an all-time high of $489.48. That tops its prior intraday record of $488.54 reached almost exactly a year ago.

The stock got a spark this week after CEO Elon Musk, the world’s richest person, said Tesla has been testing driverless vehicles in Austin, Texas with no occupants on board, almost six months after launching a pilot program with safety drivers.

With the rally, Tesla’s market cap climbed to $1.63 trillion, making it the seventh-most valuable publicly traded company, behind Nvidia, Apple, Alphabet, Microsoft, Amazon and Meta, and slightly ahead of Broadcom. Musk’s net worth now sits at close to $683 billion, according to Forbes, more than $400 billion ahead of Google co-founder Larry Page, who is second on the list.

Bullish investors view the news as a sign that the company will finally make good on its longtime promise to turn its existing electric vehicles into robotaxis with a software update.

Tesla’s automated driving systems being tested in Austin are not yet widely available, and a myriad of safety related questions remain.

It’s been a rollercoaster year for Tesla, which entered the year in a seemingly favorable position due to Musk’s role in President Donald Trump’s White House, running the Department of Government Efficiency, or DOGE, an effort to dramatically downsize the federal government and slash federal regulations.

However, Musk’s work with Trump, endorsements of far-right political figures around the world, and incendiary political rhetoric sparked a consumer backlash that continues to weigh on Tesla’s brand reputation and sales.

For the first quarter, Tesla reported a 13% decrease in deliveries and a 20% plunge in automotive revenue. In the second quarter, the stock rallied but the sales decline continued, with auto revenue dropping 16%.

The second half of the year has been much stronger. In October, Tesla reported a 12% increase in third-quarter revenue as buyers in the U.S. rushed to snap up EVs and take advantage of a federal tax credit that expired at the end of September. The stock jumped 40% in the period.

Business challenges remain due to the loss of the tax credit, the ongoing backlash against Musk, and strong competition from lower-cost or more appealing EVs made by companies including BYD and Xiaomi in China and Volkswagen in Europe.

While Tesla released more affordable variants of its popular Model Y SUV and Model 3 sedans in October, those haven’t helped its U.S. or European sales so far. In the U.S., the new stripped-down options appear to be cannibalizing sales of Tesla’s higher-priced models. According to Cox Automotive, Tesla’s U.S. sales dropped in November to a four-year low.

Despite a difficult environment for EV makers in the U.S., Mizuho raised its price target on Tesla this week to $530 from $475 and kept its buy recommendation on the stock. Analysts at the firm wrote that reported improvements in Tesla’s FSD, or Full Self-Driving (Supervised) technology, “could support an accelerated expansion” of its “robotaxi fleet in Austin, San Francisco, and potentially earlier elimination of the chaperone.” 

Tesla operates a Robotaxi-branded ridehailing service in Texas and California but the vehicles include drivers or human safety supervisors on board for now.

WATCH: Why speed isn’t selling EVs

Why speed isn't selling EVs

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What Harvard researchers learned about use of AI in white-collar work at top companies

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What Harvard researchers learned about use of AI in white-collar work at top companies

The Baker Library of the Harvard Business School on the Harvard University campus in Boston, Massachusetts, US, on Tuesday, May 27, 2025. Recent research conducted by the Digital Data Design Institute at Harvard Business School is investigating where AI is most effective in increasing productivity and performance — and where humans still have the upper hand.

Bloomberg | Bloomberg | Getty Images

Workplace AI adoption is at an all-time high, according to Anthropic data, but just because organizations use AI doesn’t mean it’s effective.

“Nobody knows those answers, even though a lot of people are saying they do,” said Jen Stave, chief operator at the Digital Data Design Institute (D^3) at Harvard Business School. While much of the business world tries to figure out where AI can be best deployed, the team at D^3 is researching where the technology is most effective in increasing productivity and performance — and where humans still have the upper hand.

Workplace collaboration is a long-held standard for innovation and productivity, but AI is changing what that looks like. AI-equipped individuals perform at comparable levels to teams without access to AI, D^3’s recent research in partnership with Procter & Gamble finds. “AI is capable of reproducing certain benefits typically gained through human collaboration, potentially revolutionizing how organizations structure their teams and allocate resources,” according to the research.

Think AI-enabled teams, not just AI-equipped individuals.

While AI-equipped individuals show significant improvement in factors like speed and performance, strategically curated teams with AI have their own advantages. When factoring in the quality of outcomes, the best, most innovative solutions come from AI-enabled teams. This research relies on AI tools not optimized for collaboration, but AI systems purpose-built for collaboration could further enhance these benefits. In other words, simply replacing humans with AI may not be the fix businesses hope for.

“Companies that are actually thinking through the changes in roles and where we need to not just lean into it but protect human jobs and maybe even add some in that space if that’s our competitive advantage, that, to me, is a signal of a super mature mindset around AI,” Stave said.

The D^3 experiment at P&G also shows that AI integration significantly reduces gaps that exist between an organization’s pockets of domain expertise. For example, having a knowledge base at hand could make any one team’s outputs more universally beneficial beyond sole teams like human resources, engineering and research and development.

Morgan Stanley's Stephen Byrd: No job will be unaffected by AI

Lower-level workers benefit more, but it is a double-edged sword.

Another experiment D^3 conducted with Boston Consulting Group showed AI leads to more homogenized results. “Humans have more diverse ideas, and people who use AI tend to produce more similar ideas,” Stave said, recognizing that companies with goals of standing out in the market should lean into human-led creativity.

Performers on the lower half of the skill spectrum exhibit the biggest performance gains (43%) when equipped with AI compared to performers on the top half of the skill spectrum (who get a 17% performance surge). While both outcomes are substantial, it’s the entry-level workers who get the biggest perks.

But for the less-skilled workers, it’s a double-edged sword. For instance, if AI can do junior work better, the senior-level workplace might stop delegating work to their junior counterparts, creating training deficits that negatively impact future performance. Bearing a company’s future in mind, businesses will want to carefully consider what they do and don’t delegate.

Human managers are not prepared to oversee AI agents. They need to learn

While Stave says humans serving as managers to a suite of AI agents is “absolutely going to happen,” the scaffolding to do so both effectively and with minimal adverse harm is simply not there. Stave herself has had this experience, and it contrasted with all her managerial and leadership education. “You learn how to manage according to empathy and understanding, how to make the most of human potential,” she said. “I had all these AI agents that I was personally trying to build and manage. It was a fundamentally different experience.”

Moreover, while Grammarly CEO Shishir Mehrotra said entry-level workers could be the new managers (with AI agents — not people — in their charge), the junior workforce has not actually proven to be enterprise AI-native or managerially equipped. “We want to see AI giving humans more opportunity to flourish. The challenge I have is with assuming that the junior employees are going to step in and know how to do that right away,” Stave said.

She added that the companies truly getting value from their AI deployments are the ones undertaking process redesign. Instead of relying on AI notetaking to save time, lean into where AI helps and where humans are the winners. “It’s very easy to buy a tool and implement it,” she said. “It’s really hard to actually do org redesign, because that’s when you get into all these internal empires and power struggles.”

But even so, she says, the effort is worth it.

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