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In an era of orbital satellites so advanced that they are able to make out objects half the size of cars from space, a spy balloon might seem like a bit of a relic.

They were a prominent tool for reconnaissance during the Cold War and were even used in a more basic form for intelligence gathering in the Napoleonic Wars more than 200 years ago.

But security experts say the balloons are just the “tip of a revolution” in the development and use of new high-altitude surveillance craft, with the UK even investing millions in a project to develop spy balloons last year.

It comes as the US military on Friday said it was tracking a suspected Chinese spy balloon, described as being the size of three buses, that has been flying over northwestern America in recent days.

A high-altitude balloon floats over Billings in Montana but the Pentagon would not confirm whether it was the surveillance balloon
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A high-altitude balloon floats over Billings in Montana

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Chinese spy balloon flying over US airspace, says Pentagon
Spy balloon over US is actually a ‘civilian airship’, says China

A senior defence official said the US has “very high confidence” it is a Chinese high-altitude balloon and was flying over sensitive sites to collect information, while China has not immediately denied the balloon belonged to them.

Beijing admitted that the balloon had come from China, but insisted it was a “civilian airship” that had strayed into American airspace and that it was for meteorological and other scientific research.

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken is postponing a high-profile visit to China which had been due to begin on Sunday.

What are spy balloons?

The devices are lightweight balloons, filled with gas, usually helium, and attached to a piece of spying equipment such as a long-range camera.

They can be launched from the ground and are sent up into the air where they can reach heights of between 60,000ft (18,000m) and 150,000ft (45,000m), above the flight paths of commercial aircraft in an area known as “near space”.

Once in the air, they travel using a mixture of air currents and pressurised air pockets, which can act as a form of steering.

Why are they still useful in the satellite era?

According to defence and security analyst Professor Michael Clarke, the biggest advantage of spy balloons over satellites are that they can study an area over a longer period of time.

Sky News' Defence Analyst Prof Michael Clarke
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Professor Michael Clarke

“The advantage is they can stay in one place for a long time,” he told Sky News.

“Because of the way the Earth rotates, unless a satellite is over the Equator, you need three to five satellites going all the time to track the same spot.

“These balloons are also relatively cheap, and much easier to launch than a satellite.”

Will balloons continue to be used in future for spying?

Very much so, according to Professor Clarke.

Despite the wide use of satellite technology, countries including the UK are also focusing on the development and use of spycraft to operate in the upper atmosphere.

In August, it was announced the Ministry of Defence had agreed a £100m deal with US defence company Sierra Nevada to provide high-altitude unmanned balloons to be used for surveillance and reconnaissance.

Professor Clarke said: “(These balloons) are the very tip of the revolution for passive upper atmosphere aircraft.”

He said other defence firms, such as BAE, were working on ultralight solar-powered drones which are able to operate in the upper atmosphere and stay in place for up to 20 months.

Why have China used them now?

According to Professor Clarke, the use of these balloons, if indeed they were launched by China, will likely have been a message to the US following its decision to open new military bases in the Philippines.

“I think it’s a challenge,” he said.

“They (China) are signalling that if the US is going to come closer to them then they will be more aggressive with their surveillance.

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Could there be a US-China war?

Watch: Future Wars: Could there ever be a conflict between the US and China?

“It is also caused a political issue in the US now, because it will be seen as a sign of weakness not to shoot it down.

“This causes some embarrassment, but the US doesn’t need to respond.”

The balloon was spotted over Billings, Montana, on Wednesday – close to one of the US’s three nuclear missile silo fields at Malmstrom Air Force Base.

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Mao Ning, a Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson, says that those involved should be ‘cool-headed’

Military and defence leaders said they considered shooting the balloon out of the sky but decided against it due to the safety risk from falling debris.

Professor Clarke added: “I think the debris issue is a bit of an excuse. It was over one of the least densely populated areas of the US and if they needed to they could have asked everyone to stay inside.

“I don’t think they wanted to make it a bigger issue, because China are daring them to shoot it down and make it an international issue.”

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Brown University shooting suspect identified as Benjamin Erickson

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Brown University shooting suspect identified as Benjamin Erickson

Police sources have told NBC News the identity of a man detained as a “person of interest” after a fatal shooting on the campus of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island.

Three senior law enforcement officials, briefed on the investigation, told Sky News’s US partner that the suspect is 24-year-old Benjamin Erickson, who had served several years in the US army.

Two people were killed and nine others, all or nearly all of whom are also believed to be students, were injured in the attack at around 4pm (9pm UK time) on Saturday.

Sources told NBC that authorities are looking into what might be an extensive mental health history for Mr Erickson. Any connection with Brown University is also being investigated.

FBI Director Kash Patel posted details of an arrest at a Hampton Inn hotel in Coventry, about 20 miles (32km) from Providence, early on Sunday, “based off a lead” from Providence police.

An operation to arrest a 'person of interest' at a hotel in Coventry, Rhode Island. Pic: @FBIDirectorKash/X
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An operation to arrest a ‘person of interest’ at a hotel in Coventry, Rhode Island. Pic: @FBIDirectorKash/X

Police taping off hotel rooms following the arrest. Pic: AP
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Police taping off hotel rooms following the arrest. Pic: AP

According to a statement provided to NBC News from army spokesperson, Lieutenant Colonel Ruth Castro: “Benjamin W Erickson was an Infantryman (11B) in the Regular Army from May 2021 to November 2024. He has no deployments and left the Army in the rank of specialist.”

Public records show he was living in Washington DC in 2024 and had also been resident in Wisconsin in 2020.

More on Brown University Shooting

Providence police chief Colonel Oscar Perez told reporters on Sunday that the investigation is “complex” and progressing “extremely fast”, but refused to elaborate.

The shooting happened inside a classroom on the first floor of the Barus & Holley engineering building, a seven-storey structure home to much of the university’s engineering and physics study and research.

Part of the Brown University campus, the right side of the C-shaped block is the engineering building. Pic: Reuters
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Part of the Brown University campus, the right side of the C-shaped block is the engineering building. Pic: Reuters

Brown University provost Frank Doyle confirmed that final exams were taking place in the engineering building when the gunman opened fire.

A police official told the AP news agency that the gunman fired more than 40 9mm rounds. A gun has not been recovered, but officers did seize two loaded 30-round magazines.

A video released by officials shows a suspect walking down a street away from the campus and turning a corner, dressed in dark, loose-fitting clothing.

Pic: AP
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Pic: AP

Pic: AP
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Pic: AP

Of those injured, eight people have been described as stable, although one remains critically ill. Another person has left hospital.

Providence mayor Brett Smiley said the order to shelter-in-place for nearby neighbourhoods had been lifted, but some streets remained shut as investigators work at the scene.

“The people of Providence should breathe a little easier this morning,” Mr Smiley added.

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‘Stay inside’ mayor warns after shooting

Access to parts of the campus remained restricted on Sunday as police maintained a security perimeter around Minden Hall and nearby apartment buildings.

The site has hundreds of buildings, including lecture halls, laboratories and dorms.

Brown is a private university with roughly 7,300 undergraduate students and more than 3,000 graduate students.

Students hid under desks

Student Chiang-Heng Chien said he was working in one of the labs with three other students when they received a notification about a shooting nearby.

“We decided to turn the light off and close all the doors and hide under our desks, and wait for the next notification after the shooting,” he told reporters.

The students hid under the desks for about two hours.

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‘We hid under our desks for two hours’

“I was hoping that no one’s getting hurt and no one’s dead,” he said.

The students left the building when they received another notification, and security personnel moved in to search the facility.

Read more from Sky News:
Terror attack at Bondi Beach shooting
Belarus pardons 123 prisoners
Thailand destroys bridge in Cambodia

Emma Ferraro, a chemical engineering student, was in the Barus & Holley lobby working on a final project when she heard loud popping sounds coming from the eastern side of the building.

For a moment, everyone paused and looked around, she recalled.

Once Ferraro realised the sounds were gunshots, she rushed to the door and ran to a nearby building, where she had been sheltering for the past few hours.

Pic: AP
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Pic: AP

Pic: AP
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Pic: AP

One person who was initially thought to be involved in the shooting was detained but was later determined to have no involvement.

President Donald Trump told reporters at the White House that he had been briefed on the situation, which he called “terrible”.

“All we can do right now is pray for the victims and for those that were very badly hurt,” he added.

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The shock of a shooting will cut deeply – but if anywhere can find hope in the face of despair, Providence can

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The shock of a shooting will cut deeply - but if anywhere can find hope in the face of despair, Providence can

“Most of us live off hope” – the text of a colourful mural, painted on a wall on Hope Street, Providence.

On most days, the neighbourhood around Brown University feels like a place of quiet optimism, swimming against the negative tide.

Hope Street's mural
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Hope Street’s mural

The shock of a shooting, that has claimed two lives and left eight others critically wounded, will cut deeply here.

Violence feels not just intrusive but incompatible with the spirit of a place that is governed by thought, not threat.

When the university president said “this is a day we hoped would never come”, she spoke for the whole town.

Two students were killed in the attack
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Two students were killed in the attack

Providence, Rhode Island, is a place I know well. My daughter, her husband and their two little girls live there.

It is a college town with a college vibe, the compact campus priding itself on openness – architecturally, intellectually and emotionally.

They rehearse “shelter-in-place” scenarios, as every university does, but they are not experienced at living behind locked doors.

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‘Stay inside,’ mayor warns as suspect still at large

Rhode Island, the smallest state, has one of the lowest gun-death rates in America, zero mass shooting events in 2024.

Earlier this year, the state banned the sale and manufacture of assault weapons, but it didn’t include those already owned.

Even in a Democratic, liberal state like Rhode Island, they are struggling to find a solution to America’s gun problem.

People hug each other outside Brown University in Providence after the shooting. Pic: Reuters
Image:
People hug each other outside Brown University in Providence after the shooting. Pic: Reuters

The age-old constitutional right to bear arms continues to trump the most human of all rights – the right to life.

This is a community that assumes safety, not because it is naïve, but because it has grown accustomed to trust.

College Hill rises in gentle brick and ivy, its narrow streets winding past houses with verandas designed for long conversations.

They take place in hushed tones right now, but if anywhere can find its way out of despair, Providence can.

On the historic street along its east side and in the college on the corner, most people live off hope.

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Police release video of shooting suspect after two killed and nine injured at US university

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Brown University shooting suspect identified as Benjamin Erickson

A “person of interest” has been detained after a gunman opened fire on the campus of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, killing two students.

Nine people, all or nearly all of whom are also believed to be students, were injured in the attack at around 4pm (9pm UK time) on Saturday.

Eight people have been described as stable, although one remains critically ill. Another person has left hospital.

A video released by officials shows a suspect walking down a street away from the campus and turning a corner, dressed in dark, loose-fitting clothing.

An FBI agent confirmed the arrest took place at a Hampton Inn hotel in Coventry, about 20 miles (32km) from Providence early on Sunday.

Authorities said the suspect was in their 20s, younger than was initially reported, but no further details have been released about them.

Pic: AP
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Pic: AP

Pic: AP
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Pic: AP

Providence Police Deputy Chief Tim O’Hara said the shooting happened inside a classroom on the first floor of the Barus & Holley engineering building, a seven-storey structure home to much of the university’s engineering and physics study and research.

More on Brown University Shooting

Brown University provost Frank Doyle confirmed that final exams were taking place in the engineering building Saturday afternoon when the gunman opened fire.

A police official told the AP news agency that the gunman fired more than 40 9mm rounds. A gun has not been recovered but officers did seize two loaded 30-round magazines.

On Sunday, Providence mayor Brett Smiley told reporters the order to shelter-in-place for nearby neighbourhoods had been lifted, but some streets remained shut as investigators work at the scene.

“The people of Providence should breathe a little easier this morning,” Mr Smiley added.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player

‘Stay inside’ mayor warns after shooting

Access to parts of the campus remained restricted on Sunday as police maintained a security perimeter around Minden Hall and nearby apartment buildings.

The site has hundreds of buildings, including lecture halls, laboratories and dorms.

Brown is a private university with roughly 7,300 undergraduate students and more than 3,000 graduate students.

Students hid under desks

Student Chiang-Heng Chien said he was working in one of the labs with three other students when they received a notification about a shooting nearby.

“We decided to turn the light off and close all the doors and hide under our desks, and wait for the next notification after the shooting,” he told reporters.

The students hid under the desks for about two hours.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player

‘We hid under our desks for two hours’

“I was hoping that no one’s getting hurt and no one’s dead,” he said.

The students left the building when they received another notification, and security personnel moved in to search the facility.

Read more from Sky News:
Terror attack at Bondi Beach shooting
Belarus pardons 123 prisoners
Thailand destroys bridge in Cambodia

Emma Ferraro, a chemical engineering student, was in the Barus & Holley lobby working on a final project when she heard loud popping sounds coming from the eastern side of the building.

For a moment, everyone paused and looked around, she recalled.

Once Ferraro realised the sounds were gunshots, she rushed to the door and ran to a nearby building, where she had been sheltering for the past few hours.

Pic: AP
Image:
Pic: AP

Pic: AP
Image:
Pic: AP

One person who was initially thought to be involved in the shooting was detained but was later determined to have no involvement.

President Donald Trump told reporters at the White House that he had been briefed on the situation, which he called “terrible”.

“All we can do right now is pray for the victims and for those that were very badly hurt,” he added.

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