A map of the 3,016 neurons that make up a baby fruit fly’s brain is the first of its kind, according to a new study.
Researchers say the map of the insect’s brain is the largest ever completed and shows every neuron – or messenger cell – in the organ and how they are wired together.
Experts say it could bring them closer to understanding the mechanism of thought and behaviour and has been described as a “big step forward”.
The project was led by Professor Marta Zlatic and Professor Albert Cardona, of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, which is based at the University of Cambridge.
Image: A fruit fly in a lab. File pic
“The way the brain circuit is structured influences the computations the brain can do,” said Professor Zlatic. “But, up until this point, we’ve not seen the structure of any brain except of the roundworm C. elegans, the tadpole of a low chordate, and the larva of a marine annelid, all of which have several hundred neurons.
“This means neuroscience has been mostly operating without circuit maps.
“Without knowing the structure of a brain, we’re guessing on the way computations are implemented.
“But now, we can start gaining a mechanistic understanding of how the brain works.”
The work took researchers 12 years to complete, with the imaging alone taking about a day per neuron.
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The research, which has been published in the Science journal, was a joint project with experts at the University of Cambridge and Johns Hopkins University in the US, combining to complete the largest ever described brain connectome – a detailed map of neural connections in the brain.
In order to build an image of the fruit fly’s neural connections, the researchers had to scan thousands of slices of the larva’s brain before painstakingly reconstructing them to complete the map.
Then they could begin to meticulously annotate the connections between neurons on to the reconstructed image.
“This is a big step forward in addressing key questions about how the brain works,” said Jo Latimer, head of neurosciences and mental health at the Medical Research Council.
Current technology is not advanced enough to map the connectome for more complex animals such as large mammals, but this breakthrough could start to change that.
As well as mapping the 3,016 neurons, researchers mapped an incredible 548,000 synapses – the points of contact between neurons where information is passed between them.
The Pope has urged Donald Trump not to try to oust Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro using military force.
Leo, the first American pontiff, said it would be better to attempt dialogue or impose economic pressure on Venezuela if Washington wants to pursue change there.
The Trump administration has been weighing options to combat what it has portrayed as Mr Maduro’s role in supplying illegal drugs that have killed Americans.
The socialist Venezuelan president has denied having any links to the illegal drug trade.
Image: Pope Leo XIV aboard a flight to Rome. Pic: Reuters
Asked during a news conference about President Trump’s threats to remove Mr Maduro by force, the Pope said: “It is better to search for ways of dialogue, or perhaps pressure, including economic pressure.”
He added that Washington should search for other ways to achieve change “if that is what they want to do in the United States”.
The Pope was speaking as he flew home from a visit to Turkey and Lebanon – his first overseas trip in the role.
Image: Venezuela’s President Nicolas Maduro in Caracas. Pic: Reuters
The president held a rally in Caracas amid heightened tensions with Mr Trump’s administration, which has been targeting what it says are boats carrying drug smugglers.
Mr Trump met his national security team on Monday evening, having warned last week that land strikes would start “very soon”.
It’s not been confirmed what was discussed at the meeting, but White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt told reporters: “There’s many options at the president’s disposal that are on the table – and I’ll let him speak on those.”
US forces have carried out at least 21 strikes on boats it claims were carrying narcotics to its shores over the last few months.
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1:55
‘The president has a right to take them out’
Mr Maduro – widely considered a dictator by the West – said on Monday that Venezuelans are ready “to defend [the country] and lead it to the path of peace”.
“We have lived through 22 weeks of aggression that can only be described as psychological terrorism,” he said.
Venezuela has said the boat attacks, which have killed more than 80 people, amount to murder – and that Mr Trump’s true motivation is to oust Mr Maduro and access its oil.
This breaking news story is being updated and more details will be published shortly.
Nicolas Maduro has said Venezuelans are ready to defend their country as the US considers a land attack.
The president held a rally in Caracas amid heightened tensions with Donald Trump’s administration, which has been targeting what it says are boats carrying drug smugglers.
Image: An image of an alleged drug boat being targeted by the US military. Pic: Truth Social
It’s not been confirmed what was discussed at the meeting, but White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt told reporters: “There’s many options at the president’s disposal that are on the table – and I’ll let him speak on those.”
US forces have carried out at least 21 strikes on boats it claims were carrying narcotics to its shores over the last few months, and the White House has accused Mr Maduro of being involved in the drugs trade – a claim he denies.
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1:55
‘The president has a right to take them out’
‘Psychological terrorism’
Mr Maduro – widely considered a dictator by the West – said on Monday that Venezuelans are ready “to defend [the country] and lead it to the path of peace”.
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“We have lived through 22 weeks of aggression that can only be described as psychological terrorism,” he said.
Venezuela has said the boat attacks, which have killed more than 80 people, amount to murder – and that Mr Trump’s true motivation is to oust Mr Maduro and access its oil.
Concerns have been raised over the legality of the US attacks, which the Pentagon has sought to justify by designating the gangs as foreign terror organisations.
Image: Maduro was championed by supporters as he spoke on Monday. Pics: Reuters
Controversy over US strikes
Tensions remain high over America’s large deployment in the Caribbean Sea and eastern Pacific, which includes its flagship aircraft carrier and thousands of troops.
The US has released videos of boats being blown up but has not provided evidence – such as photos of drugs – to support the smuggling claims.
Controversy also surrounds the first incident, on 2 September, in which 11 people were killed – with a follow-up strike targeting the boat after the first attack left two survivors in the water.
US media reported defence secretary Pete Hegseth gave an order that everyone on board should be killed.
However, there are concerns about the legality of the second strike if the survivors posed no threat.
Mr Hegseth dismissed the reporting as “fake news” and insisted all actions in the region are compliant with US and international law.
“Every trafficker we kill is affiliated with a Designated Terrorist Organization,” he said on X.
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8:25
Is US about to go to war with Venezuela?
Mr Trump said on Sunday he would not have wanted a second strike and that Mr Hegseth had denied giving such an order.
Ms Leavitt confirmed on Monday that the boat had been hit by a second strike – but denied Mr Hegseth gave the order for the follow-up.
Instead, she said he had authorised US navy vice admiral Frank Bradley to attack, and the admiral acted “well within his authority and the law, directing the engagement to ensure the boat was destroyed and the threat to the US was eliminated”.
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Trump: Maduro call neither ‘went well or badly’
As the US weighs its next steps, Mr Trump said on Sunday he had spoken to Mr Maduro by phone and that the conversation went neither “well or badly”.
In recent days, he also stated that Venezuela’sairspace should be considered closed – with the South American nation calling it a “colonial threat” and “illegal, and unjustified aggression”.
Imran Khan is suffering from isolation, his sister said, after weeks of not being able to see his family.
Khan has been in jail since his August 2023 arrest after he was handed a three-year jail term for illegally selling state gifts.
Uzma Khanum was the only family member permitted to meet him in Adiala jail, Rawalpindi, where supporters of his Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party had gathered to protest against conditions of the 73-year-old’s detention.
Image: Supporters of jailed Imran Khan protest in Karachi over concerns about the former Parkistan prime minister’s health. Pic: Reuters
Ms Khanum said that Khan, a former cricketer, is facing isolation and psychological strain in prison following weeks in which his family said access had been blocked.
“He’s physically well,” said Ms Khanum, one of Khan’s three sisters. “But he’s kept inside all the time, and only goes out for a short while. There’s no contact with anybody.”
The meeting took place under strict supervision, said Ms Khanum, though she declined to provide further details.
PTI says routine prison visits have been blocked for weeks despite court orders, fuelling rumours about his condition and possible prison transfers.
Authorities deny any mistreatment, and say that Khan is receiving all entitlements available to prisoners.
Khan served as prime minister from 2018 to 2022.
He has claimed that the charges against him are politically motivated – and aimed at blocking his political career.
Khan’s wife, Bushra Bibi, is serving time in the same prison over corruption, but they are not allowed to see each other except when they appear in court, his supporters have said.