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In their last minutes of life, some people’s brains generate a surge of surprisingly organized-looking electrical activity that may reflect consciousness — although scientists aren’t entirely sure. 

According to new research, published Monday (May 1) in the journal PNAS (opens in new tab) , this surge can sometimes occur after a person’s breathing stops but before the brain stops functioning. The activity pattern is somewhat similar to what is seen when people are awake or in dreamlike states, leading to speculation that perhaps these electrical surges reflect the otherworldly experiences reported by people who’ve had close brushes with death: A sense of looking at the body from the outside; a tunnel and white light; or a sense of reliving important memories. 

However, since all the patients in the new study ultimately died, it’s impossible to know if they had such experiences. 

“If you talk about the dying process, there is very little we know,” said Jimo Borjigin (opens in new tab) , a neuroscientist at the University of Michigan Medical School who led the study. It’s rare for patients to have their brains continuously monitored as they die, Borjigin told Live Science. “This is maybe the first study to really show second-by-second how the brain dies.” 

Related: Is brain death reversible? Near-death experiences 

Some people who are brought back from the brink of death report seeing or hearing unexplained things during resuscitation or when they seem to be unconscious. The reason for these near-death experiences is unknown, and it’s not clear if they’re even specific to death. 

International surveys suggest that only about half of what people call “near-death experiences” actually occur in life-threatening situations, said Daniel Kondziella (opens in new tab) , a neurologist at the University of Copenhagen who was not involved in the new research. The other half occur during meditation or in scary situations that don’t endanger one’s health or impact the brain’s metabolism, Kondiziella told Live Science. 

“The thing is, from the experience itself you cannot say if someone has had a cardiac arrest or syncope [a brief loss of consciousness] or near-miss traffic accident,” Kondiziella said. 

Because the people who survive to report a near-death experience are inherently different from the people who die — their brains don’t permanently lose function, for one thing — it’s hard to determine whether those who actually die also have these subjective experiences. 

In 2013, Borjigin and her colleagues measured electrical activity in the brains of rats (opens in new tab) that they euthanized via cardiac arrest. They found that for about 30 seconds after the heart stopped, the brain showed a surge in what are called gamma waves, which are the highest-frequency electrical oscillations in the brain. Gamma waves are correlated with conscious experience, but don’t necessarily prove that someone is conscious; they’re just one of many indicators that someone might be aware and alert. 

In 2022, a separate group of doctors happened to be monitoring the brain of an 87-year-old man with an electroencephalogram (EEG), which detects electrical activity on the surface of the brain, when the man unexpectedly died. Similar to Borjigin’s rats, the man’s brain showed a surge in gamma activity in the 30 seconds before and after his heart stopped.  ‘Reading’ the dying brain 

In their new paper, Borjigin and her team made a deliberate effort to use EEG to capture what the brain looks like during death. 

The researchers got permission to monitor dying patients in intensive care whose breathing support had been removed after treatment proved futile. The study included four patients total, all of whom were comatose after cardiac arrest. 

In the 30 seconds to two minutes after their ventilators were removed, two of the four patients’ brains showed surges in gamma waves. Interestingly, this gamma activity seemed organized, in that the gamma waves in one portion of the brain were associated with predictable activity patterns in other regions. 

The temporoparietal junction, a brain region where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, toward the back of the brain behind the ear, was particularly active with gamma waves. This region is known to be activated when people have out-of-body experiences or dreams, Borjigin said. 

The new findings echo what was seen in the 87-year-old patient who unexpectedly died, said Raul Vicente (opens in new tab) , a neuroscientist and data scientist at the University of Tartu who co-authored the 2022 study but was not involved in Borjigin’s work. “It’s very nice to see a confirmation,” he told Live Science. 

“The more consistent findings we have, the more evidence it is that this likely is a mechanism happening at the time of death and if we can pinpoint this down to one location, even better,” said Ajmal Zemmar (opens in new tab) , a neurosurgeon at the University of Louisville Health who also co-authored the 2022 study. RELATED STORIES—Dying brains silence themselves in a dark wave of ‘spreading depression’

—Your brain ‘shields’ itself from the existential threat of death

—Can minds persist when they are cut off from the world?

Zemmar and Vicente are optimistic that these signals could be signs of conscious experience at the moment of death. But reflecting the debate in the field, Kondziella is more skeptical. 

“We know when you die a cardiac death as opposed to a brain death, that takes time,” he said. Minutes pass between the heart stopping and brain cells dying, he said. “It shouldn’t be a big surprise during those minutes, you will see aberrant electrophysiological activity in the brain.” 

Some people may experience something like near-death experiences in these moments, Kondziella said, but we may never know for sure. And again, these experiences may not be unique to death — a more likely explanation for near-death experiences that encompasses both life-threatening experiences and non-life-threatening experiences, he said, may be “REM sleep intrusion into wakefulness,” a situation in which the brain blends waking and dreaming states. (REM sleep is marked by dreaming and brain activity patterns that are very similar to waking, including gamma waves and other, lower-frequency waves.) 

Borjigin’s team is still collecting end-of-life data, hoping to add to the evidence that the dying brain may generate predictable gamma-wave patterns. Already, other research groups have attempted to use artificial intelligence to identify objects that people saw in their dreams (opens in new tab) based on their brain activity — similar mind-reading may be possible with unconscious and dying patients, Vicente said. 

“This opens an opportunity at some point, if we gather enough data, to be able to decode what people in different coma states are thinking,” Vicente said. 

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Sullivan’s debut as Rangers coach spoiled by Pens

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Sullivan's debut as Rangers coach spoiled by Pens

NEW YORK — Mike Sullivan coached the Pittsburgh Penguins for 10 seasons, leading them to two Stanley Cup championships. On Tuesday night at Madison Square Garden, he watched them ruin his debut as the New York Rangers‘ latest head coach.

Sullivan admitted it was a peculiar feeling having Sidney Crosby, Evgeni Malkin, Kris Letang and others he coached in Pittsburgh suddenly become his opponents.

“I mean, obviously it’s different. It’s different. I knew that was going to be the case,” he said after Pittsburgh’s 3-0 victory on the opening night of the 2025-26 NHL season. “But I’m excited about the group we have here in front of me with the Rangers. I’m looking forward to working with this group.”

The Rangers were shut out by goalie Arturs Silovs (22 saves) and watched forward Justin Brazeau score two goals in the Penguins’ win. They were outshot 15-5 in the third period and couldn’t muster anything consistent offensively in Sullivan’s debut.

“Well, I think my first observation is we got a long way to go to become the team we want to become. Some of it I think we can iron out, but certainly we’ve got a ways to go,” said Sullivan, who will coach Team USA in the 2026 Winter Olympic men’s hockey tournament in Italy. “I’m not going to overreact to it. It’s one game. We’ve got a lot of hockey to play,” he said. “So is it disappointing? Yeah. We’re going to see what we can take from it. We’ve got to move on.”

Sullivan and the Penguins agreed to part ways in April despite his being under contract through the 2026-27 season. Hired in 2015-16, Sullivan was the franchise’s most successful coach with 409 wins, only the 14th coach in NHL history to win 400 games with one team. Pittsburgh won back-to-back Stanley Cups in 2016 and 2017 with Sullivan.

Days later, after he left the Penguins, Sullivan was hired by the Rangers to replace coach Peter Laviolette, signing a five-year contract that made him the NHL’s highest-paid coach. Sullivan, 57, had previously served as an assistant coach with New York from 2009 to 2013, during which time he coached Rangers GM Chris Drury as a player.

Penguins captain Crosby acknowledged it was a different feeling having Sullivan behind the Rangers’ bench instead of his.

“I just go out there and compete, but it’s always weird that first little bit,” he said.

For Crosby, it wasn’t just seeing Sullivan coaching the opponents. Sullivan brought former Penguins assistants David Quinn and Ty Hennes with him to New York.

While Sullivan took the loss against his former team, new Penguins coach Dan Muse earned a victory against his. Muse was an assistant coach under Laviolette for two seasons in New York and reportedly interviewed for the vacancy before Sullivan was hired. Crosby was happy to get Muse the win.

“Every team will tell you, especially early in the season, it’s not going to be perfect. You’re just trying to be on the same page as much as possible. And I feel like he prepared us well to start the year,” Crosby said.

Pittsburgh had Crosby, Malkin and Letang in its starting lineup, three players who have been on the Penguins team together since 2007.

“We had three guys that have been playing together for 20 years, and I thought it was important that they get to start the game together,” Muse said.

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UK won’t give more visas to Indian workers, says PM

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UK won't give more visas to Indian workers, says PM

Sir Keir Starmer has said the government will not relax visa rules for India, as he embarks upon a two-day trade trip to Mumbai.

The prime minister touched down this morning with dozens of Britain’s most prominent business people, including bosses from BA, Barclays, Standard Chartered, BT and Rolls-Royce.

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The first full-blown trade mission to India since Theresa May was prime minister, it’s designed to boost ties between the two countries.

Sir Keir – whose face has been plastered over posters and billboards across Mumbai – will meet Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Thursday, five months after the UK signed the first trade deal with India since Brexit.

The agreement has yet to be implemented, with controversial plans to waive national insurance for workers employed by big Indian businesses sent to the UK still the subject of a forthcoming consultation.

Sir Keir Starmer with his business delegation. Pic: PA
Image:
Sir Keir Starmer with his business delegation. Pic: PA

However, the business delegation is likely to use the trip to lobby the prime minister not to put more taxes on them in the November budget.

Sir Keir has already turned down the wish of some CEOs on the trip to increase the number of visas.

Speaking to journalists on the plane on the way out, he said: “The visa situation hasn’t changed with the free trade agreement, and therefore we didn’t open up more visas.”

He told business that it wasn’t right to focus on visas, telling them: “The issue is not about visas.

“It’s about business-to-business engagement and investment and jobs and prosperity coming into the UK.”

Narendra Modi and Keir Starmer during a press conference in July. Pic: PA
Image:
Narendra Modi and Keir Starmer during a press conference in July. Pic: PA

No birthday wishes for Putin

The prime minister sidestepped questions about Mr Modi’s support of Russian leader Vladimir Putin, whom he wished a happy birthday on social media. US President Donald Trump has increased tariffs against India, alleging that Indian purchases of Russian oil are supporting the war in Ukraine.

Asked about Mr Modi wishing Mr Putin happy birthday, and whether he had leverage to talk to Mr Modi about his relationship with Russia, Sir Keir sidestepped the question.

“Just for the record, I haven’t… sent birthday congratulations to Putin, nor am I going to do so,” he said.

“I don’t suppose that comes as a surprise. In relation to energy, and clamping down on Russian energy, our focus as the UK, and we’ve been leading on this, is on the shadow fleet, because we think that’s the most effective way.

“We’ve been one of the lead countries in relation to the shadow fleet, working with other countries.”

PM: We aren’t forcing wealthy people out

Sir Keir refused to give business leaders any comfort about the budget and tax hikes, despite saying in his conference speech that he recognised the last budget had an impact.

“What I acknowledged in my conference, and I’ve acknowledged a number of times now, is we asked a lot of business in the last budget. It’s important that I acknowledge that, and I also said that that had helped us with growth and stabilising the economy,” he added. “I’m not going to make any comment about the forthcoming budget, as you would expect; no prime minister or chancellor ever does.”

Asked if too many wealthy people were leaving London, he said: “No. We keep a careful eye on the figures, as you would expect.

“The measures that we took at the last budget are bringing a considerable amount of revenue into the government which is being used to fix things like the NHS. We keep a careful eye on the figures.”

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Spying trial collapsed after government refused to brand China a threat, says top prosecutor

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Spying trial collapsed after government refused to brand China a threat, says top prosecutor

A Chinese spying trial collapsed last month after the UK government would not label Beijing a national security threat, a top prosecutor has said.

Christopher Berry, 33, and former parliamentary researcher Christopher Cash, 30, were accused of espionage for China.

But the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) announced on 15 September that the charges would be dropped, sparking criticism from Downing Street and MPs.

Berry, of Witney, Oxfordshire, and Cash, from Whitechapel, east London, had denied accusations of providing information prejudicial to the interests of the state in breach of the Official Secrets Act between December 2021 and February 2023.

Politics latest: Badenoch insists ‘Jenrick is not the Tory leader’

Director of public prosecutions Stephen Parkinson. Pic: PA
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Director of public prosecutions Stephen Parkinson. Pic: PA

Stephen Parkinson, the director of public prosecutions (DPP), told MPs in a letter on Tuesday that the CPS had tried “over many months” to get the evidence it needed to carry out the prosecution, but it had not been forthcoming from the Labour government.

However, Sir Keir Starmer insisted the decision to brand China a threat would have to have been taken under the last Conservative administration.

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The prime minister said: “You can’t prosecute someone two years later in relation to a designation that wasn’t in place at the time.”

It is understood that the decision to end the case came after a meeting of senior officials which, according to The Sunday Times, included Jonathan Powell, the national security adviser, and Sir Oliver Robins, the Foreign Office’s top diplomat.

To prove the case under the Official Secrets Act of 1911, prosecutors would have to show the defendants were acting for an “enemy”.

Both the current Labour government and the previous Conservative governments have not labelled China a risk to national security.

In his letter to the chairs of the Commons home and justice select committees, Mr Parkinson said: “It was considered that further evidence should be obtained.

“Efforts to obtain that evidence were made over many months, but notwithstanding the fact that further witness statements were provided, none of these stated that at the time of the offence China represented a threat to national security, and by late August 2025 it was realised that this evidence would not be forthcoming.

“When this became apparent, the case could not proceed.”

He also pointed out that in a separate case about Russian spying last year, a judge ruled that an “enemy” under the 1911 Act must be a country that represents a threat to national security of the UK “at the time of the offence”.

The prime minister answered reporters' questions about the collapse of the case while on a flight to Mumbai. Pic: PA
Image:
The prime minister answered reporters’ questions about the collapse of the case while on a flight to Mumbai. Pic: PA

How has the government responded?

Sir Keir has addressed the contents of the letter, which he said he had “read at speed”, while on board a flight to Mumbai, as part of the UK’s largest ever trade mission to India.

The PM said: “What matters is what the designation [of China] was in 2023, because that’s when the offence was committed and that’s when the relevant period was.

“Statements were drawn up at the time according to the then government policy, and they haven’t been changed in relation to it, that was the position then.

“I might just add, nor could the position change, because it was the designation at the time that matters.”

Sir Keir, a former director of public prosecutions, added that he wasn’t “saying that defensively”, but because “as a prosecutor, I know that… it is what the situation at the time that matters”.

He also declined to criticise the CPS or the DPP, as he said “it’s wise not to”.

Since the alleged spying offences took place, the new National Security Act has superseded elements of the 1911 Act.

But Conservatives, including shadow home secretary Chris Philp, insist that Sir Keir has “very serious questions to personally answer”.

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