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In their last minutes of life, some people’s brains generate a surge of surprisingly organized-looking electrical activity that may reflect consciousness — although scientists aren’t entirely sure. 

According to new research, published Monday (May 1) in the journal PNAS (opens in new tab) , this surge can sometimes occur after a person’s breathing stops but before the brain stops functioning. The activity pattern is somewhat similar to what is seen when people are awake or in dreamlike states, leading to speculation that perhaps these electrical surges reflect the otherworldly experiences reported by people who’ve had close brushes with death: A sense of looking at the body from the outside; a tunnel and white light; or a sense of reliving important memories. 

However, since all the patients in the new study ultimately died, it’s impossible to know if they had such experiences. 

“If you talk about the dying process, there is very little we know,” said Jimo Borjigin (opens in new tab) , a neuroscientist at the University of Michigan Medical School who led the study. It’s rare for patients to have their brains continuously monitored as they die, Borjigin told Live Science. “This is maybe the first study to really show second-by-second how the brain dies.” 

Related: Is brain death reversible? Near-death experiences 

Some people who are brought back from the brink of death report seeing or hearing unexplained things during resuscitation or when they seem to be unconscious. The reason for these near-death experiences is unknown, and it’s not clear if they’re even specific to death. 

International surveys suggest that only about half of what people call “near-death experiences” actually occur in life-threatening situations, said Daniel Kondziella (opens in new tab) , a neurologist at the University of Copenhagen who was not involved in the new research. The other half occur during meditation or in scary situations that don’t endanger one’s health or impact the brain’s metabolism, Kondiziella told Live Science. 

“The thing is, from the experience itself you cannot say if someone has had a cardiac arrest or syncope [a brief loss of consciousness] or near-miss traffic accident,” Kondiziella said. 

Because the people who survive to report a near-death experience are inherently different from the people who die — their brains don’t permanently lose function, for one thing — it’s hard to determine whether those who actually die also have these subjective experiences. 

In 2013, Borjigin and her colleagues measured electrical activity in the brains of rats (opens in new tab) that they euthanized via cardiac arrest. They found that for about 30 seconds after the heart stopped, the brain showed a surge in what are called gamma waves, which are the highest-frequency electrical oscillations in the brain. Gamma waves are correlated with conscious experience, but don’t necessarily prove that someone is conscious; they’re just one of many indicators that someone might be aware and alert. 

In 2022, a separate group of doctors happened to be monitoring the brain of an 87-year-old man with an electroencephalogram (EEG), which detects electrical activity on the surface of the brain, when the man unexpectedly died. Similar to Borjigin’s rats, the man’s brain showed a surge in gamma activity in the 30 seconds before and after his heart stopped.  ‘Reading’ the dying brain 

In their new paper, Borjigin and her team made a deliberate effort to use EEG to capture what the brain looks like during death. 

The researchers got permission to monitor dying patients in intensive care whose breathing support had been removed after treatment proved futile. The study included four patients total, all of whom were comatose after cardiac arrest. 

In the 30 seconds to two minutes after their ventilators were removed, two of the four patients’ brains showed surges in gamma waves. Interestingly, this gamma activity seemed organized, in that the gamma waves in one portion of the brain were associated with predictable activity patterns in other regions. 

The temporoparietal junction, a brain region where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, toward the back of the brain behind the ear, was particularly active with gamma waves. This region is known to be activated when people have out-of-body experiences or dreams, Borjigin said. 

The new findings echo what was seen in the 87-year-old patient who unexpectedly died, said Raul Vicente (opens in new tab) , a neuroscientist and data scientist at the University of Tartu who co-authored the 2022 study but was not involved in Borjigin’s work. “It’s very nice to see a confirmation,” he told Live Science. 

“The more consistent findings we have, the more evidence it is that this likely is a mechanism happening at the time of death and if we can pinpoint this down to one location, even better,” said Ajmal Zemmar (opens in new tab) , a neurosurgeon at the University of Louisville Health who also co-authored the 2022 study. RELATED STORIES—Dying brains silence themselves in a dark wave of ‘spreading depression’

—Your brain ‘shields’ itself from the existential threat of death

—Can minds persist when they are cut off from the world?

Zemmar and Vicente are optimistic that these signals could be signs of conscious experience at the moment of death. But reflecting the debate in the field, Kondziella is more skeptical. 

“We know when you die a cardiac death as opposed to a brain death, that takes time,” he said. Minutes pass between the heart stopping and brain cells dying, he said. “It shouldn’t be a big surprise during those minutes, you will see aberrant electrophysiological activity in the brain.” 

Some people may experience something like near-death experiences in these moments, Kondziella said, but we may never know for sure. And again, these experiences may not be unique to death — a more likely explanation for near-death experiences that encompasses both life-threatening experiences and non-life-threatening experiences, he said, may be “REM sleep intrusion into wakefulness,” a situation in which the brain blends waking and dreaming states. (REM sleep is marked by dreaming and brain activity patterns that are very similar to waking, including gamma waves and other, lower-frequency waves.) 

Borjigin’s team is still collecting end-of-life data, hoping to add to the evidence that the dying brain may generate predictable gamma-wave patterns. Already, other research groups have attempted to use artificial intelligence to identify objects that people saw in their dreams (opens in new tab) based on their brain activity — similar mind-reading may be possible with unconscious and dying patients, Vicente said. 

“This opens an opportunity at some point, if we gather enough data, to be able to decode what people in different coma states are thinking,” Vicente said. 

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UK

Bereaved parents campaign for tougher laws on unlicensed driving

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Bereaved parents campaign for tougher laws on unlicensed driving

Harry Parker was just 14 years old when he was hit and killed by a car on his way to school in Swindon.

“He was a lovely lad, full of life. A football fanatic,” said Harry’s dad, Adam. “He would always make people smile and just have a good time. He was my right hand man. Daddy’s boy.”

His mum Kelly says the memory of what happened that day in November 2022 is seared into her mind.

“I can remember walking into that room now, he was in resus, lying on a trolley. He was just absolutely lifeless. I pushed all the doctors away, I pushed everyone out the way and just went to him and said ‘Harry, please, come on son, you’ve got me. We can do this together’.

“But half an hour later, the doctors came through and told us the devastating news that there was nothing anybody could do for him. As a nurse I’m at the hospital every day, helping people. I love that, that’s my job. But I couldn’t help my son. Nobody could.

“The hardest part was when we had to say goodbye to him. We had to make the decision to turn the life support machine off. Harry was in the middle, me and his dad lay on each side of him, holding him so tight and feeling his heart beat, until we felt the very last beat.”

The driver of the car didn’t have a licence, insurance, or stop at the scene.

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But two years after Harry’s death the Crown Prosecution Service told his parents that they were dropping the charges.

They said: “We examined this case in great detail – including obtaining the advice of a forensic collision expert – and it has become clear that there is not enough evidence to demonstrate that this collision could reasonably have been avoided, and therefore that the driving was careless.”

Harry Parker
Image:
Harry Parker’s father, Adam, described his son as ‘football mad’

For Adam and Kelly it was a huge blow.

“I was enraged, angry,” said Adam. “I just wanted to lash out. But there’s no point in doing that. The only way to win this fight is to go through the legal procedures and do this properly. I can’t believe that the law is so lenient on people who haven’t got a licence.”

There is no current national data on the number of unlicensed drivers, though past research by the Department for Transport estimated they commit 9.3% – or nearly 1 in 10 – of all motoring offences. It was thought there could be as many as 470,000 on the roads.

In 2006 the Labour government introduced a new offence of causing death while driving without a licence or insurance, punishable by up to two years in prison.

But in 2013 the Supreme Court ruled that, due to the way the legislation was worded, prosecutors still had to prove the driving was at fault – thus rendering the new law fairly redundant, as a driver could then be charged by careless or dangerous driving.

The judges were concerned about faultless drivers being charged if a drunk pedestrian fell into the road in front of them, or if someone attempted suicide by jumping out into the road.

The Parkers’ local MP, Will Stone, believes the law needs to be changed to reflect the spirit and intention of the 2006 legislation.

He has a Ten Minute Rule Bill today – a motion to seek MPs’ permission to introduce a bill to make the case for a new law.

Will Stone is the Labour MP for Swindon North.
Pic: Uk Parliament
Image:
Will Stone, Labour MP for Swindon North, wants the law to be changed.
Pic: UK Parliament

Labour MP Mr Stone is hoping the government will adopt the bill as part of their forthcoming road safety strategy.

What we’re specifically looking to do with the Harry Parker Bill, is that if a driver without a licence crashes into somebody and it results in death, it would automatically be deemed careless,” he said.

“There is clearly a loophole in the rules. You need a driving licence to drive. Therefore, choosing to go without one is careless by default. You shouldn’t be on the road because you don’t have the requirements to operate a car, and I think that is a safety risk.

The Department of Transport said: “Every death on our roads is a tragedy and our thoughts remain with the family and friends of Harry Parker.

“The government takes road safety seriously, and we are committed to reducing the number of those killed and injured on our roads.”

Harry Parker
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Harry Parker’s father, Adam, believes there is ‘clearly a loophole in the rules’

Adam Parker now spends every morning on the road outside Harry’s school, making sure all the pupils get across safety. He and Kelly are campaigning to raise awareness of road safety, hoping that Harry’s legacy will be to protect other children.

“You shouldn’t send your child off to school, planning what you’re going to cook them that evening, planning what they’re going to have for their birthday in five days time, but it doesn’t happen because someone just hits him,” said Kelly. “We don’t want any other parents to have to go through this.”

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Environment

US solar module production capacity reaches 50+ GW

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US solar module production capacity reaches 50+ GW

The US solar manufacturing industry just hit a historic milestone: Domestic solar module production capacity has surpassed 50 gigawatts (GW). If all these factories ran at full capacity, they could produce enough modules to meet the country’s entire solar demand.

This achievement signals a shift in the US solar industry, which has historically depended on imports for key components.

According to the Solar Energy Industries Association’s (SEIA) Supply Chain Dashboard, companies have announced plans for 56 GW of new solar cell production in the US, 24 GW of wafer production, and 13 GW of ingots. Meanwhile, domestic solar tracker manufacturing capacity has now topped 80 GW.

SEIA president and CEO Abigail Ross Hopper said:

Reaching 50 GW of domestic solar manufacturing capacity is a testament to what we can achieve with smart, business-friendly public policies in place.

The US is now the third-largest module producer in the world because of these policy actions.

This milestone marks progress for the solar industry and reinforces the essential role energy policies play in building up the domestic manufacturing industry that American workers and their families rely on.

SEIA first set a goal in 2020 to reach 50 GW of US solar module production capacity by 2030 – enough power output to match 27 Hoover Dams. That goal spans the entire solar supply chain, from modules and cells to ingots, wafers, polysilicon, trackers, and inverters.

At the time, the US had only 7 GW of domestic module production and no manufacturing for critical upstream components like ingots and wafers. Fast forward to today, and the industry looks a lot different. Two new US solar cell factories – one in Georgia and another in South Carolina – have already come online in the past few months, helping to fill in the gaps.

SEIA’s strategy has focused on building out domestic module production first to create demand for upstream components. Thanks to policy incentives that SEIA helped advocate for such as the advanced manufacturing production tax credit, companies are now investing in every part of the solar supply chain.

Another win came when SEIA pushed for solar ingot and wafer production to qualify for a 25% investment tax credit under the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022. That move is helping build out the US solar supply chain even further. Since the passage of key federal energy policies, US solar module manufacturing has grown five-fold.

Read more: The US’s largest solar cell factory is now online in South Carolina


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Technology

Asia tech stocks rise after Trump pauses tariffs on Canada and Mexico

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Asia tech stocks rise after Trump pauses tariffs on Canada and Mexico

Meituan Dianping application icons are displayed on an Apple Inc. iPhone in Hong Kong, China, on Friday, March 23, 2018.

Justin Chin | Bloomberg | Getty Images

Asian tech stocks rose Tuesday, following news that U.S. president Donald Trump had paused tariffs on Mexico for a month, while also postponing tariffs on Canadian exports.

Gains were broad-based across tech stocks in Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong, and came as their counterparts in the U.S. cut their losses on Monday, following tariff announcements that came late in the day.

Japanese Semiconductor players Advantest and Lasertec led gains among the country’s tech stocks, rising 5% and 4.81%, respectively.

Other Japanese tech companies also rose. Tokyo Electron was up 2.82%, Renesas Electronics gained 2.99% while SoftBank Group advanced 1.53%.

Taiwanese chip company TSMC and manufacturer Foxconn rose 2.8% and

Tech stocks in Asia had come under pressure after Chinese startup DeepSeek launched a free, open-source language model that challenged the supremacy of the U.S.-led AI ecosystem. These stocks subsequently rebounded last week, but the rally mostly got stalled Monday over tariff worries.

South Korean tech stocks were also trading higher on Tuesday, with Samsung Electronics gaining 4.13% and SK Hynix rising marginally, up 0.63%.

The latest gains are a reversal from the weakness seen in both stocks last Friday when the South Korean market re-opened after a four-day break. Shares in Samsung Electronics have also been under pressure after its fourth-quarter profit missed estimates on the back of higher costs.

Chinese tech major Tencent’s shares rose 3.07% in HongKong, while shopping platform Meituan’s stock advanced 5.06%, electronic vehicle maker BYD rose 4.22%, Xpeng was trading 14.46% higher and Li Auto gained 9.35%.

Chinese AI-linked stocks also rose with Alibaba up 3.09% and Kingsoft Cloud rose 7%.

The gains in Chinese companies come even as U.S. tariffs on CnaChina are set to kick in. Trump will reportedly speak with President Xi Jinping this week, signaling the intent to avoid a broader tariff war between the world’s top two economies.

Correction: The story has been updated to reflect that the U.S. has paused tariffs on Canada and Mexico.

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