Are electric micro-cars, NEVs, and LSVs street-legal in the US? Here’s how to know
In Part 1 of this series titled “Everything you need to know about electric micro-cars, NEVs, LSVs, & golf carts,” we discussed the various categories of micro-cars, neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), low-speed vehicles (LSVs), and golf carts. We also covered how these vehicles are becoming such popular car alternatives for so many people. Now in Part 2, we’ll dive into the important topic of what makes these vehicles street-legal for use on public roads.
As we discussed in Part 1 of this series, the term LSV (or low-speed vehicle) is the only important consideration here, as “NEV” is merely a colloquial nickname. The term LSV, on the other hand, is codified into law by the US Department of Transportation and is a federally recognized category of motor vehicles by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
That’s the key to making many of these tiny cars street-legal for use on public roads, though the downside of that is you’ll probably have to register, tag, and insure your LSV in most states in the US.
One point should be made extremely clear though: In almost every case, the question of whether or not an LSV is street-legal comes down to its manufacturer, not to you as the owner or driver. Outside of a few specific cases in a minority of cities and states, non-street-legal LSVs can not be modified or turned into street-legal LSVs by their owners. They need to be originally manufactured to meet federal regulatory guidelines.
Okay, now let’s talk about those guidelines (and some of the exceptions).
Federal regulation of low-speed vehicles
In order for LSVs to be considered for sale in the US to be used on public roads, they must be produced to meet federal regulations for LSVs. This means that they must be designed and manufactured from the outset for street-legal use.
The first step is ensuring that the factory is registered with the NHTSA. Before buying an LSV, you should always ask the vendor if the vehicles are registered with the NHTSA. If the answer is “don’t worry about it, they only go 25 mph,” then 99 out of 100 times you’re not looking at a street-legal LSV.
Without this critical step of being registered and approved as an LSV manufacturer by the NHTSA, proper VINs (vehicle identification numbers) can not be assigned to the vehicles for registration. A VIN that conforms to the same rules as those used on all street-legal vehicles in the US – including full-size cars and trucks for highway use – is just one of more than a dozen federal requirements for LSVs.
This is the step that most foreign-manufactured and imported LSVs miss, since very few overseas LSV factories are actually registered with the NHTSA, meaning they can’t offer a US VIN code. Chinese micro-cars that are imported to the US often have VINs on the frame, but they are Chinese VINs. That’s the case with my internet-famous mini-truck from China. It has a VIN, but it means nothing in the US since it’s a Chinese VIN.
Next, there are several other requirements that mimic those for full-size cars, from visibility to safety equipment. Low-speed vehicles must have backup cameras with very specific viewing angle requirements. Again, these are the same requirements used for full-size cars and trucks in the US. Slapping a camera on the back of a micro-car or golf cart isn’t enough to fulfill this requirement.
Other requirements like pedestrian warning systems (also referred to as pedestrian noisemakers) are required for LSVs with electric drivetrains. Once again, these have the exact same requirements as for new electric cars like Teslas, etc. Very specific octave levels and decibels levels must be programmed into the car’s noisemaker to warn pedestrians, especially vision-impaired pedestrians, of the vehicle’s presence. The sound must reach certain pitches at different speeds and must modulate as the vehicle’s speed increases and decreases. The exact regulation text for just the pedestrian noisemaker is dozens of pages long, believe it or not.
These are some of the more difficult and cumbersome regulations applied to LSVs since they share the same rules as existing cars, but they’re not the only ones. LSVs must also have lap belts or 3-point seat belts that meet DOT requirements for full-size cars as well as windshields that use specific DOT-approved glazing. Both the windshields and the seat belts must be produced by suppliers that are already registered with the DOT. Simply installing any basic seat belt isn’t enough.
Other requirements cover aspects related to lighting, braking systems, reflectors, mirrors, and more.
Where LSVs differ in street-legal requirements from full-size cars largely comes down to the more complicated safety requirements. Crumple zones, airbags, radar, and other major pieces of safety equipment aren’t required in LSVs, and the vehicles themselves aren’t required to undergo crash testing. If they were, the results likely wouldn’t be pretty due to the reduced safety equipment in the vehicles.
That’s one of the reasons that LSVs are limited to just 25 mph (40 km/h) top speed and can only be operated on roads with speed limits of 35 mph (56 km/h). Both of these are part of the federally mandated LSV regulations and are designed to prevent these vehicles from mixing with larger full-size vehicles at higher speeds, where the result of crashes are more likely to be fatal.
Some cities and states have more lax LSV laws
The above is not a complete list of the regulations for LSVs, but paints a picture of the somewhat complicated path required for companies to meet the federal regulations related to LSVs.
However, these are just the federal regulations. Most states describe low-speed vehicles in their state highway codes and have a section deferring regulations to match those at the federal level. In other words, they use the federal rules for LSVs in their own states. A few states set aside more strict requirements, while a few states offer more lenient requirements.
While the vast majority of US states use the federal rules for LSVs, Colorado is an example one state that sets its own more lenient rules that remit several of the more complicated manufacturing requirements. This makes it easier to register things like golf carts as LSVs, though this case is a rare one in the US.
Are golf carts street-legal too?
No, golf carts almost always not street-legal. This is true in nearly every city and state in the US.
Are there exceptions to this rule? Absolutely. But they usually only occur at the local level. That means a state, city, or township has to create a specific ordinance allowing for golf carts to be operated on public roads. There are a few towns that have become famous for this, such as Peachtree City in Georgia, but they are a minority.
To determine if golf carts are considered street-legal and can be used on public roads in your area, you should check with your local police department or Department of Motor Vehicles.
The only time that golf carts do meet federal standards for LSVs is when they are specifically produced as LSV golf carts. Most major golf cart manufacturers in the US do in fact produce LSV versions of their golf carts, meaning they were designed to meet federal low-speed vehicle regulations. The problem is that many have yet to update those models to the most recent version of LSV regulations, which added backup cameras and pedestrian noisemakers to the list of required equipment only a few years ago.
While many LSV golf carts have added backup cameras, most still lack a pedestrian warning system. In reality, you’ll likely never actually get cited by a cop for operating an LSV golf cart that doesn’t have a pedestrian warning system in it, mostly because very few cops would even know that they require one. But if you want to know the letter of the law, then without meeting full compliance, such LSV golf carts aren’t technically street-legal. And when it comes time to register the LSV, it may not be possible without the complete suite of required equipment.
Beware of unscrupulous dealers claiming ‘street-legal’ status
As LSVs have become more popular in the US, so too have shady vendors purporting to sell street-legal LSVs.
Most, if not all, are imported Chinese models that were designed for the Chinese market. Ironically, they aren’t even technically street-legal in China since there are no equivalent LSV laws in China. But they are still commonly used by elderly drivers in China where their name loosely translates to “happy grandpa” cars.
These Chinese models have begun being imported to the US in larger numbers. Models marketed as “Chang Li” vehicles are one of the most common, though Chang Li is simply a single manufacturer and most “Chang Li” vehicles in the US aren’t even produced by Chang Li. At this time, no Chang Li vehicle is street-legal in the US as they do not meet federal regulatory standards for LSVs.
These vehicles lack many of the requirements for street-legal LSV status, usually relating to DOT-stamped safety glass, pedestrian warning systems, proper lighting, DOT-certified seat belts, and other important details. Perhaps most critically, these vehicles do not feature NHTSA-compliant VIN (vehicle identification number) codes. While many come with a VIN, they are actually Chinese VINs and can not be found in the NHTSA database because the manufacturer is not registered with the US government to produce cars for export to the US.
These non-compliance issues haven’t stopped many of shady US resellers from hawking such vehicles with claims of “street-legal” plastered over their websites and marketing materials. But the fact is that nearly no Chinese-manufactured LSVs, NEVs, or micro-cars are currently street-legal in the US, unless they fit into certain city or state laws that have a looser set of requirements than federal low-speed vehicle laws. In fact, at the time of writing, I know of only two Chinese-manufactured LSVs that are currently street-legal in the US, the Wink and the Pickman. And in the case of the Wink, which I know more about after having tested them myself, that’s only because the company spent nearly two years designing the vehicles to be produced in China to US safety standards and properly registered their factory with the NHTSA.
What street-legal LSVs and golf carts exist in the US?
While the category is still in its infancy, there are already several options for street-legal LSVs in the US. Some are already on the road, while others are expected to enter the market later this year.
We will cover these options in detail Part 3 of this series, which will be coming later this week.
Stay tuned!
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NIU is back at EICMA 2025 (the Milan Motorcycle Show) with a fresh lineup of electric two-wheelers that push the boundaries of performance, design, and smart connectivity. The Chinese electric mobility giant, already known for selling over 5 million electric scooters and motorcycles across over 50 countries, used the Milan show to unveil its 2026 product range – and it’s clear NIU is looking to hang on to that leader status.
For those unfamiliar, NIU launched its first electric scooter way back in 2015 and quickly rose to prominence with sleek, connected vehicles that combined urban practicality with stylish design. There are a lot of electric scooters out there now, but NIU has consistently been known for high-tech and slick-looking models.
Now, a decade later, NIU’s lineup has matured into a globally recognized suite of smart mopeds, e-bikes, scooters, and electric motorcycles. And at this year’s EICMA, the company made it clear that it’s ready to dominate even more niches.
A smarter NQiX Series
The NQiX Series has already gained traction in Europe’s L1e and L3e vehicle categories, but for 2026, it’s getting even better. All models in the series will be updated with improved motor and battery efficiency for longer range and better consistency. Most notably, NIU is adding onboard navigation powered by Google Maps – a major step toward true “smart” scooters.
The biggest news, though, is the introduction of the NQiX 1000. Packing 15.5 kW of peak power and topping out at 125 km/h (78 mph), this model is aimed at commuters who want speed, range, and flexibility. With three removable 72V 28Ah batteries and over 100 km of range, it looks set to be a practical yet powerful urban workhorse. The NQiX 1000 will launch in Q3 2026 with a starting price of €6,499.
My first NIU scooter ever was an NQiGT that I got back in 2020, and it helped me fall in love with the brand. The NQiX series has extended what made the original so impressive, and the NQiX 1000 will push that model line into brand new territory, both for technology and for performance.
FQiX brings a fresh face to urban riding
NIU also introduced a completely new design platform called the FQiX Series, targeted at city dwellers who want tech-forward transportation with a bit of flair. Think sleek body lines, distinctive lighting, and a minimalist aesthetic – paired with smart features like a 5-inch TFT display, rear radar, and Bluetooth/NFC/keyless unlocking.
The FQiX 150 (L1e) and FQiX 300 (L3e) offer two tiers of performance but share the same connected tech ecosystem, powered by NIU’s new “Link Crown” interface. These will also arrive by Q3 2026, starting at just €2,399 – making them a compelling choice for first-time e-scooter riders.
This one definitely feels like NIU’s targetted attempt to bring on younger, more budget conscious riders while still giving them access to the technology that separates the brands’ scooters from much of the competition.
XQi goes off-road (and on-road, too)
NIU has been teasing off-road ambitions for years, but the new XQi 300, XQi 400, and XQi 500 take those ambitions up several notches. They follow on the heels of the successful launch of the NIU XQi3, which, for a lack of a better way to describe it, is NIU’s Sur Ron competitor. I had the chance to test it out recently on a trip to tour NIU’s factory. But unlike Sur Rons, Talarias, and most other light electric dirt bikes in this category, NIU made the XQi3 street-legal from the start, meaning riders could register it like a motorcycle and also ride on trails.
Now the XQi3 has been revamped into the XQi 300, keeping much of what made it a success untouched, but adding highly requested features like on-board charging so the battery doesn’t need to be unplugged to recharge. The XQi 400 and XQi 500 add even more power and performance, competing more with the Sur Ron Storm Bee. The XQi 500 Street, in particular, is likely to prove quite popular as a street-legal electric dirt bike with a massive 28.8 kW peak output and a top speed of 110 km/h (68 mph), all in a fairly lightweight 92 kg (203 lb) chassis.
Concept 06 maxi-scooter
NIU also showed off a concept for a potentially upcoming maxi-scooter, and it sounds like they actually want to produce it. This likely isn’t just a crazy concept that will never see the road, but rather a roadmap to what could be NIU’s biggest scooter yet.
The company is projecting impressive performance, including a 20 kW motor, speeds of up to 155 km/h (96 MPH), plus fancy features like a tray table so you can get some laptop work done while you’re charging up.
Electrek’s Take
NIU continues to impress me with its mix of smart tech, eye-catching design, and impressive performance. The addition of Google Maps integration and radar safety features is a clear step forward that I’m excited to see implemented. And with models like the XQi 1000, NIU is branching into serious performance territory. And the new off-road bikes (with street-legal status to ride on the road too!) take what was already a great design and make it even more powerful – and convenient to use.
While some of the subscription models might turn off some users, the base functionality of these vehicles seems generous enough to keep most people happy. And all of that tech on top is what helps separate NIU. If the pricing holds and the specs deliver, I think NIU’s 2026 lineup could shake up both urban and off-road electric mobility in a big way.
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Tesla’s head of the Cybertruck program, Siddhant Awasthi, announced that he is leaving after more than 8 years at the company.
Awasthi is a good example of Tesla’s transition into fostering inside leadership rather than outside hiring.
For better or worse, over the last 5 years, Tesla has virtually had no significant outside hires into high-level leadership roles. It almost exclusively promotes from within.
Awasthi worked on a hyperloop school program, interned at Tesla, and joined the company straight out of school in 2018. Within 2 years, he became an engineering manager. Within 3 years, he was a senior technical program manager in charge of the Cybertruck’s 48-volt architecture.
To say that this is unusual at a major company would be an understatement.
By late 2022, ahead of Tesla’s planned start of Cybertruck production, he was made head of the electric truck program.
He was in charge of the production ramp and future improvements to the electric pickup truck, which has since become a commercial flop. Tesla is having trouble selling 25,000 Cybertrucks per year, despite planning for an annual production capacity of 250,000 trucks.
Today, the young engineer announced on X:
I recently made one of the hardest decisions of my life to leave Tesla after an incredible run.
He tried to “sum up” his career at Tesla in a paragraph:
It’s tough to sum up eight years in just a few lines, but what a thrilling journey it’s been: ramping up Model 3, working on Giga Shanghai, developing new electronics and wireless architectures, and delivering the once-in-a-lifetime Cybertruck—all before hitting 30. The icing on the cake was getting to dive back into Model 3 work toward the end.
In addition to his duties as Cybertruck program manager, Awasthi was also made in charge of the Model 3 program last summer.
Tesla has recently completely revamped its vehicle program organization following a wave of layoffs last year and many subsequent departures amid a talent exodus at the company.
Electrek’s Take
While I’m using Awasthi as an example of Tesla prioritizing internal promotions rather than attracting outside talent, I’m not blaming the failures of the Cybertruck program on him. The blame should always be placed at the very top.
The program failed because someone at Tesla —likely Elon —was way too optimistic about what it could accomplish, and ultimately, what Tesla unveiled in 2019 had very little to do with what it brought to production in 2023.
It had less range, fewer cool features, and all for a way higher price.
But it’s also far from an endorsement of Tesla’s organizational approach, far from it.
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When it comes to battery longevity, it appears that brand matters. A recent study published by Germany’s ADAC revealed tangible, real-world differences in how the high-voltage batteries in PHEVs age across manufacturers. The results: Mercedes’ batteries came out on top, Mitsubishi trailed behind.
A recent study by the German motoring group ADAC (think of it as Germany’s equivalent of America’s AAA) and data analysts at Austrian battery firm AVILOO analyzed more than 28,500 state-of-health (SoH) measurements from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) across six years and several vehicle brands. While the study found that battery degradation for most brands remains within a range consistent with an average vehicle lifespan, it turns out that one of the strongest predictors of battery longevity was the brand of vehicle tested.
In other words: not all hybrid batteries are created equal, and it seems like you really do seem to get what you pay for with batteries from traditionally pricer brands like Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Volvo out-performing those from mainstream car brands like VW, Ford, and Mitsubishi. Here’s how ADAC broke it down:
In terms of brand comparison, Mercedes-Benz models generally show very stable battery performance up to a mileage of 200,000 kilometers. This contrasts with Mitsubishi, whose PHEVs already exhibit significant degradation even at low mileages, although this stabilizes somewhat over the course of their lifespan.
Battery degradation in vehicles from the Volkswagen Group and Volvo remains within an unremarkable range even with higher proportions of electric driving. BMW models show a noticeable variation across the entire field, depending on electric usage. In Ford models, battery capacity decreases remarkably early, regardless of the specific user group. However, predictions regarding battery condition at higher mileages are not possible due to the limited number of tests.
ADAC | GOOGLE TRANSLATE
So, what are the big takeaways here, besides the notion that more expensive products tend to be built better than cheaper ones? It seems like most PHEVs are maintaining more than 80% of their batteries’ SoH after 200,000 km (~120,000 miles), with some of the higher-performing batteries doing significantly better.
Still totally fine
Again, the ADAC results shouldn’t be interpreted to mean that the Mitsubishi PHEV models aren’t perfectly serviceable, reliable offerings – just that some cars that cost a lot more than the Mitsubishi tend to have batteries that last a little longer under typical driving conditions.
ADAC also adds that, if frequent electric-only trips are on your agenda (as they are on mine), a fully battery-electric vehicle may be the smarter pick, as their batteries go through fewer charging cycles and tend to last longer than PHEV batteries as a consequence.
At the end of the day, it’s a straightforward choice: align your powertrain with your intended daily use, and your battery will have an easier, longer, and healthier life.
SOURCES: ADAC, AVILOO; via Motorpasión.
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