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A sculptor’s rendering of the hominid Australopithecus afarensis in an exhibition that included the 3.2 million-year-old fossilized remains of “Lucy.” (Image credit: Dave Einsel via Getty Images)

Our 3.2 million-year-old ancestor “Lucy” could stand and walk upright just like modern humans do, new 3D muscle modeling reveals.

The finding bolsters a growing consensus among researchers that Australopithecus afarensis — the extinct species to which Lucy belongs — walked erect rather than with a chimpanzee-like, crouching waddle.

The hominin’s reconstructed pelvis and leg muscles also suggest that she could climb trees, meaning the species likely thrived in both forest and grassland habitats in East Africa 3 million to 4 million years ago.

“Lucy’s muscles suggest that she was as proficient at bipedalism as we are, while possibly also being at home in the trees,” Ashleigh Wiseman, a research associate at the University of Cambridge’s McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research in the U.K. who conducted the modeling study, said in a statement. “She would have been able to exploit both habitats effectively.”

Lucy’s fossils are the best-preserved Australopithecus remains ever unearthed, with 40% of her skeleton recovered from Ethiopia’s Hadar region in the mid-1970s. Her bones indicate that she stood 3.4 feet (1 meter) tall and weighed between 29 and 93 pounds (13 to 42 kilograms). Her discovery pointed to the possibility that human ancestors could walk upright long before they evolved bigger brains.

 Related: Human ancestor ‘Lucy’ gets a new face in stunning reconstruction

While soft tissue is not visible in the fossil record, scientists can piece together what the extinct species’ muscles may have looked like by using modern humans (Homo sapiens) as analogs. Our bone structure and muscle attachments can inform how muscles were layered on Lucy’s skeleton.

In a study published Wednesday (June 14) in the journal Royal Society Open Science, Wiseman used a digital modeling approach to recreate 36 muscles in each of Lucy’s legs. 

Wiseman used scans from modern humans as a reference to layer muscles onto a virtual model of Lucy’s skeleton. (Image credit: Dr Ashleigh Wiseman)

The reconstruction shows that Lucy could straighten her knee joints and extend her hips in a similar way to modern humans, suggesting that the species could stand and walk upright.

The model also reveals the proportions of fat and muscle in Lucy’s legs, showing they were far more muscular than a modern human’s and similar in composition to a bonobo’s (Pan paniscus). While a human thigh is about 50% muscle, Lucy’s were likely 74% and less fatty. Some of her calf and thigh muscles occupied twice as much space in her legs as they do in human legs today.

Lucy’s knees demonstrated a wider range of motion in the extension-flexion axis than a human’s. This, combined with her muscle mass, suggests that A. afarensis could utilize a wide range of habitats, from dense forests to grassy savannas. This type of locomotion is not seen in any modern animal, Wiseman said. “Lucy likely walked and moved in a way that we do not see in any living species today.”

While the finding is based on an incomplete skeleton, and it remains unknown how often A. afarensis adopted an upright posture, the results of the analysis support the current consensus of Lucy’s physical abilities. 

The model revealed that Lucy’s legs were far more muscular than a modern human’s and more similar in composition to a bonobo’s. (Image credit: Dr Ashleigh Wiseman) RELATED STORIES—New fossil reveals face of oldest known ‘Lucy’ relative

—Mystery ancestor mated with ancient humans. And its ‘nested’ DNA was just found.

—Newly named human species may be the direct ancestor of modern humans 

“The current paper is not a game changer in our thinking,” said Fred Spoor, a professor and researcher at the Natural History Museum in the U.K., who was not involved in the research.

However, reconstructing the muscles is a novel and exciting method to confirm bipedalism, Spoor told Live Science in an email. “This approach is certainly promising,” he said. “It goes beyond the sometimes somewhat simplistic interpretations of paleontologists when it comes to inferring what movements and locomotor pattern characterized an extinct species.”

Muscle modeling has already helped researchers gauge the walking speed of a Tyrannosaurus rex and could shed light on similar traits in archaic humans. “By applying similar techniques to ancestral humans, we want to reveal the spectrum of physical movement that propelled our evolution,” Wiseman said. 

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National investigation into NHS maternity services launched after families ‘gaslit’

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National investigation into NHS maternity services launched after families 'gaslit'

A “rapid” national investigation into NHS maternity services has been launched by the government.

The announcement comes after Health Secretary Wes Streeting met families who have lost babies and amid the ongoing investigations at some NHS trusts into maternity care failings.

The investigation in England is intended to provide truth to families suffering harm, as well as driving urgent improvements to care and safety, as part of efforts to ensure “no parent or baby is ever let down again”.

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The Royal College of Midwives (RCM) welcomed the government’s announcement and said maternity services were “at, or even beyond, breaking point”.

Last week, the NHS regulator said maternity and neonatal services at two Leeds hospitals had been rated inadequate over safety issues.

Mr Streeting, who was speaking at the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) conference in London, apologised on behalf of the NHS for what families had been through and said it was “clear something is going wrong”.

He added: “For the past year, I have been meeting bereaved families from across the country who have lost babies or suffered serious harm during what should have been the most joyful time in their lives.

“What they have experienced is devastating – deeply painful stories of trauma, loss, and a lack of basic compassion – caused by failures in NHS maternity care that should never have happened.

“Their bravery in speaking out has made it clear: we must act – and we must act now.”

Mr Streeting said families have had to “fight for truth and justice” and had described being “ignored, gaslit, lied to, manipulated and damaged further by the inability for a trust to simply be honest with them that something has gone wrong”.

Health secretary doesn’t want any deaths on his watch

This was a powerful speech from the health secretary who is clearly troubled by the scandalous state of maternity services in this country.

Wes Streeting has spent the past year meeting bereaved families who have been failed by the NHS.

He said he “was kept up at night” after listening to their harrowing testimonies.

Announcing a national investigation into NHS maternity services, this review is modelled on the Darzi report into the NHS, commissioned by the health secretary almost as soon as he came into office.

It will be “rapid”. The terms of reference for the investigation will be known by July. The actual report is expected to be published by Christmas.

Mr Streeting accepts this is an ambitious timeline but is driven by the fear that mothers and babies are still being failed and he does not want “any deaths on his watch”.

Read the full analysis here.

Health Secretary Wes Streeting speaking during the RCOG World Congress 2025.
Pic: PA
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Wes Streeting speaking during the RCOG conference. Pic: PA

The investigation will consist of two parts.

The first will investigate up to 10 of the most concerning maternity and neonatal units, including Sussex, in the coming weeks to give affected families answers as quickly as possible, according to the Department of Health.

The second will be a “system-wide” look at maternity and neonatal care, uniting lessons from past inquiries to create one clear set of actions designed to improve NHS care.

A National Maternity and Neonatal Taskforce will be chaired by Mr Streeting and made up of experts and bereaved families.

The investigation will begin this summer and report back by December.

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From 2024: ‘The joy was sucked out of having a baby’

Sir Jim Mackey, chief executive of NHS England, said: “This rapid national investigation must mark a line in the sand for maternity care – setting out one set of clear actions for NHS leaders to ensure high quality care for all.”

Dr Ranee Thakar, president of the RCOG, said: “The maternity workforce is on its knees, with many now leaving the profession.”

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RCM chief executive Gill Walton said: “Everyone involved in maternity services – the midwifery community, obstetricians, anaesthetists, sonographers and, of course, the women and families in their care – knows that maternity services are at, or even beyond, breaking point.

“This renewed focus and commitment by the health secretary to deliver change is welcome, and we will do everything we can to support him in doing so.”

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Palestine Action ‘to be banned’ as terror group, home secretary says

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Palestine Action 'to be banned' as terror group, home secretary says

Palestine Action will be proscribed as a terrorist organisation, Home Secretary Yvette Cooper has said.

The action has been taken after the activist group claimed responsibility for breaking into RAF Brize Norton last week.

Footage released by the group showed them vandalising aircraft – with reports of damage totalling millions of pounds.

Home Secretary Yvette Cooper said “the disgraceful attack on Brize Norton” on Friday was “the latest in a long history of unacceptable criminal damage committed by Palestine Action”

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Damage to planes at Brize Norton
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Some of the damage to planes at RAF Brize Norton

She said a draft proscription order will be laid in parliament next week and if passed, it will make it illegal to be a member of, or invite support for, Palestine Action.

Proscription can lead to prison sentences of up to 14 years for some offences, although some breaches are punishable with fines.

Read more: What does proscription mean?

Saeed Taji Farouky, a member of the group, told Sky News the proscription was “completely irrational” and “without precedent”.

He branded it a “knee-jerk reaction from the government” because the group “was able to humiliate them and show serious flaws in the defences of the RAF base”.

People take part in a demonstration at Trafalgar Square in London in support of Palestine Action. Pic: PA
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A supporter of Palestine Action in London. Pic: PA

Armed forces minister Luke Pollard said a “full review” of security at military bases was under way, and the government was working alongside counter-terror police to find the activists who broke into the Oxfordshire base.

The group has also claimed responsibility for several incidents involving red paint being sprayed on businesses.

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A protest in support of Palestine Action was taking place on Monday in London.

Sir Mark Rowley, the head of the Metropolitan Police, said he was “shocked and frustrated” that the action was going ahead.

He added that he had limited powers to stop the demonstration until proscription takes place.

Police officers remove people taking part in a demonstration at Trafalgar Square in London. Pic: PA
Image:
Police officers remove people taking part in a Palestine Action protest. Pic: PA

The Metropolitan Police three people had been arrested at the Palestine Action protest in Trafalgar Square – two for obstruction and one for a “racially aggravated public order offence”.

In her statement to parliament, Ms Cooper said Palestine Action “publicises and promotes its attacks involving serious property damage”.

She said the group had claimed responsibility for an attack on a Jewish-owned business in north London, as well as causing millions of pounds of damage to defence businesses.

Home Secretary Yvette Cooper. Pic: PA
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Yvette Cooper announced Palestine Action will be proscribed on Monday. Pic: PA

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The home secretary said, however, that if parliament supports the proscription, the right to “peaceful protest” will remain unaffected.

“It is vitally important that those seeking to protest peacefully, including pro-Palestinian groups, those opposing the actions of the Israeli government, and those demanding changes in the UK’s foreign policy, can continue to do so,” she added.

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Tulip Siddiq: Labour MP accuses Bangladesh’s leader of ‘orchestrated campaign’ to damage her reputation

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Tulip Siddiq: Labour MP accuses Bangladesh's leader of 'orchestrated campaign' to damage her reputation

Former minister Tulip Siddiq has accused the leader of Bangladesh of conducting an “orchestrated campaign” to damage her reputation and “interfere with UK politics”, according to a new legal letter seen by Sky News.

The Labour MP also said comments made by Professor Muhammad Yunus in a Sky News interview have prejudiced her right to a fair investigation, meaning the ongoing corruption inquiries into her should be dropped.

In March, the chief adviser – who is effectively the country’s interim leader – told Sky News that Ms Siddiq “has so many (sic) wealth left behind here” and “should be made responsible”.

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Bangladesh’s leader talks to Sky News

Bangladesh’s Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) has opened several investigations into Ms Siddiq alleging corruption in connection with the government of her aunt Sheikh Hasina, who was ousted as the country’s prime minister last year.

In the new correspondence sent today to Professor Yunus and the ACC, lawyers for the former minister write: “The time has now come for the chief adviser and the ACC to abandon their wholly misconceived and unlawful campaign to smear Ms Siddiq’s reputation and interfere with her public service.”

Sky News has approached the chief adviser and the ACC for comment.

The Bangladeshi authorities have previously said they have evidence to back up their claims of corruption and will pursue action through the country’s courts.

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The Tulip Siddiq accusations explained

Speaking to Sky News on Monday, Ms Siddiq said: “I will not be allowing them to drag me into their world of dirty politics and nothing is going to stop me from pursuing the job that I was elected to do with an overwhelming majority, which is representing the people of Hampstead and Highgate.

“So they need to stop this political vendetta, this smear campaign, and this malicious persecution right from the beginning.”

The MP had requested a meeting with the Bangladeshi leader during an official visit to the UK earlier this month to “clear up” any misunderstandings.

But this was turned down by the chief adviser, who said he did not want to “interrupt a legal procedure”.

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MP says arrest warrant is ‘smear campaign’

In the new legal letter, lawyers for Ms Siddiq say the interim leader had already unfairly influenced the inquiries through previous comments.

“The copious briefings to the media, the failure to respond to our letters, the failure to even ask to meet with and question Ms Siddiq during their recent visit to the United Kingdom are impossible to justify and completely inconsistent with a fair, lawful and serious investigation,” reads the letter.

The correspondence also sets a deadline of 30 June 2025 for the Bangladeshi authorities to reply by, stating that “in the absence of a full and proper response… Ms Siddiq will consider this matter closed”.

A former Nobel Prize winning economist, Professor Muhammad Yunus became interim leader of Bangladesh last August after weeks of deadly protests forced Sheikh Hasina from power.

He has pledged to root out corruption and recover alleged stolen wealth before holding votes to elect a permanent administration.

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Tulip Siddiq questioned over Bangladesh corruption

Last month, Professor Yunus banned the Awami League – the political party still led by Sheikh Hasina – from standing in the coming elections.

That led to criticism from those still loyal to the former prime minister, with protests also sparking in the country over jobs, pay and planned reforms.

Earlier this year, Ms Siddiq attracted criticism over newspaper reports alleging property links to individuals connected to the Awami League.

She referred herself to the prime minister’s standards adviser Sir Laurie Magnus who said he had “not identified evidence of improprieties” but added it was “regrettable” Ms Siddiq had not been more alert to the “potential reputational risks” of the ties to her aunt.

Ms Siddiq said continuing in her role would be “a distraction” for the government but insisted she had done nothing wrong.

Sheikh Hasina is currently standing trial in absentia in Dhaka over alleged killings during last summer’s civil unrest.

Asked by Sky News if she had any regrets about links to the Awami league, Ms Siddiq said: “The main thing I would say to you, I’m very proud to be the MP for Hampstead and Highgate. I was born in London, I grew up in London. I went to school here and now I’m an MP here.”

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Sheikh Hasina pictured in 2023.
Pic: AP/ Yomiuri Shimbun
Image:
Sheikh Hasina pictured in 2023. Pic: AP/Yomiuri Shimbun

In March, Sky News revealed that UK investigators could assist with probes into alleged grand corruption during Hasina’s time in power.

Staff from the National Crime Agency visited Bangladesh in October and November as part of initial work to support the interim government in the country.

Last month, the NCA confirmed it had secured a “freezing order” against a property in north London linked to Ms Siddiq’s family.

She denies all the allegations – and sources close to the MP say the authorities have been sending correspondence to an address in Dhaka that has no connection with her.

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