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On 5 July 1948, the UK’s Health Secretary Aneurin Bevan officially started the NHS, back then a unique experiment to provide universal healthcare free at the point of use.

Seventy-five years on that ambition largely remains, enshrined in the 2011 NHS Constitution of guiding principles and pledges to the public.

But the reality is different, with data revealing access to healthcare is getting worse, inequalities are growing, and stark differences across the country are leaving large sections of the population behind.

Your address, your ethnicity, your gender, and above all else your socio-economic status are strongly tied to how long and healthy your life will be.

Average life expectancies in the UK have been increasing over time. They fell in 2020 following COVID, however progress had already started to slow before the pandemic.

Life expectancy is closely linked to poverty – more socially deprived people have lower life expectancies than those better off than them. This is called the social gradient.

This gap has widened has widened since 2013: by 0.7 years for men and 1.1 years for women.

Different areas of the country have large differences in life expectancy.

Red
areas have low life expectancies, while blue
areas have above average life expectancies.

Men in Knightsbridge, a very wealthy part of London, have an average life expectancy of 94.1 years – the highest in the country – living nearly 15 years longer than the average male.

Nearby in Westbourne, the average male life expectancy is nearly ten years less at 75.9 years.

Deaths from circulatory diseases and stroke are high in this area.

At just 66.6 years South Promenade in Blackpool has the lowest life expectancy for men in England.

Deaths from respiratory disease are high, at more than twice the rate in the average population.

Explore your area in the map below:

Postcode lottery – a north-south divide?

One of the places this gap between rich and poor is most pronounced is on The Wirral, which is home to both Birkenhead, an extremely deprived area with one of the lowest life expectancies, and Gayton, an affluent area with above average health.

Dr Laxman Ariaraj, a GP at Fender Way Health Centre who has been working in the Birkenhead area for 20 years, has witnessed health inequalities widen there over time.

He said: “Certainly access has become more difficult over that time, which would probably widen those wider determinants of health.

“The sheer volume of the people that we need to see is going to impact the amount of time we can spend doing things proactively.

“On a positive note, I think we’ve become more aware of it and that gives us an opportunity to try and do something about it.”

The government has committed to cutting NHS waiting lists, however across the country little progress has been made. The North West, where Birkenhead is located, is the worst affected region with the longest waits.

The NHS operational target is that 92% of people should be treated within 18 weeks following referral by a consultant. However, two fifths of the current 7.4 million waitlist for treatments have been waiting for longer.

The North West has experienced the biggest increase in waits in England, from 13% on the list more than four months in April 2019 (around average compared to other areas), up to 46.1% in the latest data for April 2023.

Overall, the waiting list has increased by more than three million from 4,315,000 in April 2019. At that time 87% of would-be patients had been waiting less than 18 weeks.

The situation in the north generally and the North West in particular is of even more concern given the health inequalities that already exist here.

There are some extremely disadvantaged neighbourhoods with higher levels of deprivation than in any areas of the country, such as Blackpool, and this plays a big part in poor health outcomes.

However, this doesn’t fully explain the health gap with other areas. At any cross section, London tends to have higher life expectancies, even though the areas are of similar socio-economic status:

There is no settled explanation for the phenomenon, but Dr Bola Owolabi, a GP in the Midlands and director of Health Inequalities at NHS England told Sky News that this may partly be explained by communities who are harder to track in official metrics.

Dr Owolabi said: “We recognise that there are other drivers beyond simply using the Index of Multiple Deprivation.

“For example, people experiencing homelessness or rough sleeping, and migrant communities may not show up in the data.”

Deprived areas have less access to resources

The current NHS crisis and treatment backlog affects everyone, but it may not be affecting everyone equally.

Analysis by The Health Foundation has shown a decrease in the proportion of people admitted to hospital after presenting at A&E due to bed rationing.

The most significant drop in emergency admissions was seen among people living in the most deprived areas, by 80,000 between 2019 and 2022. This was more than twice as much as the 35,000 decrease for those living in the least deprived areas.

Although the total number of days patients spent in hospital increased in most areas, it decreased for patients in the most deprived areas.

Patients in the most deprived areas in the country had 107,000 fewer days in hospital beds in 2022 compared to 2019. The net increase in bed days for emergency admissions was 329,000.

The challenge of training and retaining enough doctors and other healthcare staff to plug vacancies has also been a major challenge for the NHS in recent years to meet the needs of a growing and ageing population.

But more deprived areas have additional challenges with recruitment.

Sky News analysis has found that the local GP for someone living in one of England’s most deprived areas has, on average, a 61% higher patient workload than the average local GP for residents of the country’s wealthiest areas.

This gap has increased slightly since 2015, when it stood at 59%. That’s despite the government’s efforts to incentivise trainees to take up posts in under-served areas.

“The pressure on the NHS is potentially damaging the health of poorer people.”

The Marmot Review on health inequalities, first published in 2010 with a ten year follow up in 2020, concluded that inequalities in health and life expectancy result from social issues including employment, housing and deprivation.

Professor Sir Michael Marmot, director of The UCL Institute of Health Equity, told Sky News: “I’ve been saying for a long time that given the equity of access in the NHS, it’s highly unlikely that difficulties of access to treatment are playing a big role in the inequalities in health. I may need to modify that conclusion in the light of recent history.

“You’ve got it both ways: that the pressure on the NHS is potentially damaging the health of poorer people. And that the poor health of poorer people – because of social and economic inequalities in society – is potentially putting unbearable burden on the NHS.”

Ethnicity based inequalities

People from ethnic minority backgrounds tend to be disproportionately affected by deprivation.

Data from Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government suggests that ethnic minorities are far more likely to live in the most deprived 10% of neighbourhoods. 

They are also more likely to live in overcrowded conditions and low-income households – defined as living on less than 60% of the average net disposable household income. 

According to data from the latest census, more than a fifth of people from Asian backgrounds live in overcrowded conditions (having less than the required number of bedrooms).

People from black backgrounds are 6 times more likely to be living in overcrowded households than white people. 

Access to primary care health services is generally equitable for ethnic minority groups.  

However, people from ethnic minority groups are more likely to report being in poorer health and have higher mortality rates.

Research from the Health Foundation’s REAL Centre suggests that individuals from South Asian backgrounds, particularly Bangladeshi and Pakistani, have higher incidences of diagnosed chronic pain, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.  

The prevalence of diagnosed chronic pain is around three fifths higher among Bangladeshi and Pakistani individuals compared to white individuals.

People from black African ethnicities also have a higher prevalence of chronic pain. 

Chronic pain among other conditions is also prevalent in deprived neighbourhoods. The prevalence of diagnosed chronic pain is more than double in the most deprived neighbourhoods compared to the least deprived neighbourhoods. 

However, cancer is more prevalent for people from white backgrounds and almost double than for people from South Asian backgrounds.

Hope for addressing health inequalities

The National Healthcare Inequalities Improvement Programme was set up in 2021 to tackle healthcare inequalities and ensure equitable access to healthcare and it does provide some hope for tackling health inequalities.

The programme works to deliver projects and services targeted at people living in the most deprived areas in England and others who are disadvantaged.

This includes improving access to digital services and helping people gain employment.

Dr Owolabi said: “The NHS, as a commissioner, and provider of services, is able to materially influence health inequalities.”

Many cities have decided to focus extensively on implementing the policy changes envisaged by Marmot in his review.

These cities have been named ‘Marmot cities’ and have seen significant improvement in health inequalities.

There may be some early signs of success with the programme. Coventry was one of the first of these cities to adopt Marmot principles, and in the time since, Professor Marmot says: “The percentage of children aged five with a good level of development went up…

“The percentage of 18 to 24 year olds not in employment, education or training went up. And the proportion of people earning a real living wage went up.”

Sky News has contacted the Department of Health and Social Care for a response to our findings.

Can we mend the NHS? Watch a special programme at 1800 with Mark Austin on Sky News


The Data and Forensics team is a multi-skilled unit dedicated to providing transparent journalism from Sky News. We gather, analyse and visualise data to tell data-driven stories. We combine traditional reporting skills with advanced analysis of satellite images, social media and other open source information. Through multimedia storytelling we aim to better explain the world while also showing how our journalism is done.

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Man arrested over arson attacks after fire at Sir Keir Starmer’s house

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Man arrested over arson attacks after fire at Sir Keir Starmer's house

A 21-year-old man has been arrested over a series of arson attacks, police have said, after a fire at a house owned by Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer.

The suspect was arrested in the early hours of Tuesday on suspicion of arson with intent to endanger life, according to the Metropolitan Police.

He remains in custody.

Emergency services were called to fires at the doors of two homes in north London within 24 hours of each other – one just after 1.35am on Monday in Kentish Town and the other on Sunday in Islington. Both properties are linked to Sir Keir.

Sir Keir Starmer house
Metropolitan Police
Fire Pic: LNP
Image:
Police are investigating links to several fires, which they are treating as suspicious. Pic: LNP

Detectives were also checking a vehicle fire last Thursday on the same street as the Kentish Town property to see whether it is connected.

Part of the area was cordoned off as police and London Fire Brigade (LFB) investigators examined the scene.

Neighbours described hearing a loud bang and said police officers were looking for a projectile.

A police officer is seen in Kentish Town, north London. Police are investigating a fire at Sir Keir Starmer's house in north London. Picture date: Monday May 12, 2025.
Image:
Emergency services were deployed to the scene in Kentish Town, north London, on Monday. Pic: PA

A forensics officer is seen in Kentish Town, north London. Police are investigating a fire at Sir Keir Starmer's house in north London. Picture date: Monday May 12, 2025.
Image:
Pic: PA

The prime minister is understood to still own the home, which was damaged by fire on Monday, but nobody was hurt. Pictures showed scorching at the entrance to the property.

Sir Keir used to live there before he and his family moved into 10 Downing Street after Labour won last year’s general election. It is believed the property is being rented out.

In the early hours of Sunday, firefighters dealt with a small fire at the front door of a house converted into flats in nearby Islington, which is also linked to the prime minister.

Sir Keir Starmer house
Metropolitan Police
Fire Pic: LNP
Image:
Counter-terror police are leading the investigation. Pic: LNP

In a statement, police said: “As a precaution and due to the property having previous connections with a high-profile public figure, officers from the Met’s Counter Terrorism Command are leading the investigation into this fire.

“Enquiries are ongoing to establish what caused it. All three fires are being treated as suspicious at this time, and enquiries remain ongoing.”

Read more from Sky News:
QR codes linked to online drugs
Could UK get US-style ‘supermax’ jails?
Report: IS fighters in UK must face justice

The prime minister’s official spokesman said: “I can only say that the prime minister thanks the emergency services for their work and it is subject to a live investigation. So I can’t comment any further.”

Kemi Badenoch has condemned the suspected arson attacks.

Writing on X, the Conservative leader said: “This is a shocking incident. My thoughts are with the prime minister and his family. No one should face these sorts of threats, let alone people in public service.

“It’s an attack on our democracy and must never be tolerated.”

Shadow justice secretary Robert Jenrick told Sky News on Tuesday: “It’s important that the prime minister and anyone in public life has their family, their homes, protected.

“It is absolutely wrong, disgraceful, for any individual to take the kind of action that we saw against the prime minister’s home.”

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M&S says customers’ personal data taken by hackers

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M&S says customers' personal data taken by hackers

Marks & Spencer has revealed customers’ personal data has been taken by hackers after it was hit by a damaging cyber attack.

The retail giant’s chief executive Stuart Machin said the data had been accessed due to the “sophisticated nature of the incident” but stressed that this does not include “usable payment or card details, which we do not hold on our systems”.

There is also no evidence that account passwords have been shared, according to the statement.

M&S did not say how many customers had been affected but in a social media post, Mr Machin said there is “no need for customers to take any action”.

“To give customers extra peace of mind, they will be prompted to reset their password the next time they visit or log on to their M&S account and we have shared information on how to stay safe online,” he said.

M&S had 9.4 million active online customers in the year to 30 March, according to its last full-year results.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player

Who is behind M&S cyberattack?

A cybersecurity expert told Sky News, however, that the lack of sensitive data being shared “does not mean that customers are not at risk”.

“With simple data such as names, email addresses, and potentially other personal details like addresses or phone numbers, which have been reported as accessed, attackers can use this information to create highly targeted and convincing phishing emails or text messages,” said Tim Grieveson, CSO at ThingsRecon.

“These emails from attackers can appear very legitimate because they use real personal information.”

He added that stolen personal data can be used “as pieces of a puzzle by fraudsters”.

An M&S in Aberdeen. Pic: SponPlague
Image:
An M&S in Aberdeen on 29 April. Pic: SponPlague

“For example, if an attacker has your name and address, they might combine it with other publicly available information to attempt to open accounts or conduct other fraudulent activities.”

M&S has been struggling for weeks after hackers, reportedly from the Scattered Spider group, attacked their networks.

Pic: M&S
Image:
M&S’s recruitment page on 1 May. Pic: M&S

The British retailer was forced to halt recruitment amid the ongoing attack that became apparent on Easter Monday.

Shelves around the country have been bare and customers are unable to shop online.

Read more from Sky News:
QR codes linked to online drugs
Could UK get US-style ‘supermax’ jails?
Report: IS fighters in UK must face justice

Agency staff at some distribution centres were also told to stay at home because of the attack.

Last week, an M&S insider told Sky News it could be “months” before the retailer fully recovers from an ongoing, severe cyber attack – and that the company had no plan for such an incident.

An employee at M&S’s head office, who spoke to Sky News on condition of anonymity, said that last week had been “just pure chaos”.

“We didn’t have any business continuity plan [for this], we didn’t have a cyber attack plan,” the source said.

“In general, it’s lots of stress. People have not been sleeping, people have spent their weekends working, people sleeping in the office – just reactive response.”

The Co-op also faced a similar major incident and was forced to apologise after hackers managed to access the data of a “significant number” of past and current members.

In the same week, luxury department store Harrods also suffered an attempted hack and temporarily restricted internet access across its sites as a precautionary measure.

The National Crime Agency has said it is investigating the attacks individually but is “mindful they may be linked”.

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The online drug trade behind QR code stickers plastered on streets across the UK

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The online drug trade behind QR code stickers plastered on streets across the UK

Steve first spotted the eye-catching stickers while walking to the shops in Burton upon Trent. Plastered on bins and lamp posts, they featured a shiny, green cannabis leaf with a QR code and the words “get your delivery”.

The former prison officer, who is in his 50s, wanted to try the Class B drug as an alternative to prescribed opiates to ease his pain after breaking his back in three places.

He had only recently moved to the Staffordshire market town and was reluctant to buy off the street. “I didn’t want to just tap up some roadman,” he says.

Using his smartphone camera, he was taken to a slick, colourful site on the open web offering a wide range of cannabis products – from vapes and tinctures to pre-rolled joints, buds and gummies.

Just like legitimate online shops, it promised free delivery to arrive the next day and had glowing reviews on Google and Trustpilot.

Stickers seen around the UK

Steve (not his real name) went on to order products including vapes and herbal cannabis.

“The first time I was shaking… when the postman came down the path – the package absolutely stank,” he says.

“It’s letterbox shaped so you don’t get a knock. The postman shoves it through your door and that’s it – job done.”

(Watch a video demonstration of how the QR codes work)

Similar stickers have been reported across the UK, from cities such as Birmingham, Glasgow and London, to smaller towns including Shrewsbury, in Shropshire, and Droitwich, in Worcestershire. There have also been sightings in South Wales.

Some have appeared near schools, universities and police stations.

Hidden gang network

A Sky News investigation has identified three different sticker designs, each of which directs users to separate, but linked, websites (which we are not naming), with their own branding.

Hidden in their source code is a long list of bank accounts and business names which are randomly selected when users make a purchase.

A cannabis sticker
Image:
One of the stickers on a litter bin

Using publicly available tools, we were able to build a network map of the businesses involved, the people behind them and how they are linked.

All are Lithuanian nationals, mostly registered to addresses in a small area of east London, one of which is linked to an alleged gangster found guilty of kidnap and torture in Lithuania.

Royal Mail tracking details also suggest the operation is based in this area as the packages passed through Romford’s mail centre.

An analysis of Bitcoin wallets – carried out by TRM Labs – shows one of the sites had received around $109,000 (£82,000) by mid-March, although the true income is likely to be far higher as more buyers use regular bank transfers than cryptocurrency.

When we visited a woman who owns two of the houses associated with the bank accounts, she said she had never heard of the website and had no idea a criminal enterprise may be being run from her properties.

She also said three Lithuanian nationals we identified as being connected with the site had left the UK.

Former NCA head of drugs Tony Saggers
Image:
Former NCA head of drugs Tony Saggers says it shows the ‘evolution of online drug markets’

Former head of drugs threat and intelligence for the National Crime Agency (NCA), Tony Saggers, says the scale of the operation suggests those behind it have access to wholesale quantities of cannabis, which has probably been grown in the UK.

It also demonstrates the “evolution of online drug markets” from the dark web to open websites, “making them more accessible to the wider population”, he tells Sky News.

Ben (not his real name), a student in his early 20s, scanned a QR code sticker out of “genuine curiosity” after spotting it on a telecoms cabinet near the University of York.

He’d never bought or used drugs before but says he “had a moment of free will and the risk of losing money was minimal so I tried it”.

“Perhaps it’s something to do with the website, it’s like you are buying a professional regulated product so that made me worry less.”

A £10 pre-rolled joint arrived by Royal Mail first class post in “branded packaging and looked clean and professional”.

However, he says he didn’t enjoy smoking it and for his “mental health” hasn’t bought any more.

Plastered on lampposts and bins
A joint delivered
Image:
A £10 pre-rolled joint arrived by first-class post

‘Russian roulette’

Dr Simon Erridge, research director at Curaleaf Clinic, where specialist doctors can legally prescribe medical cannabis, says people like Steve and Ben are playing “Russian roulette”.

The clinic has run a campaign using its own QR code stickers, which direct people to results from its study with Manchester Metropolitan University.

It found 90% of 60 illegal cannabis samples seized by the Greater Manchester and Northumbria police forces were contaminated with mould, yeast, lead, E.coli or salmonella.

An analysis of WEDINOS data, a service that tests drugs sent in by users, found 43% of the 1,635 samples bought as cannabis contained no compounds naturally derived from the plant.

Some 38% contained harmful substances, with 27% containing synthetic chemicals such as spice, a drug which is popular in prisons and that can cause dangerous side effects including cardiac arrest.

The clinic’s research also shows consumer habits are changing.

A survey of 500 cannabis users last year found that while street dealers are still the most common source (45%), just above friends and family (44%), more people are buying online.

Cannabis clinic's campaign. Pic: CuraLeaf Clinic/Third City PR
Image:
A clinic is running its own QR campaign to inform people about the risks. Pic: CuraLeaf Clinic/Third City PR

Some 7% said they had engaged with QR codes, while the use of websites offering illegal cannabis products almost doubled from 6% in 2022 to around one in ten (11%) in 2024.

The trend is even more pronounced among young adults, with 15% of 18-24-year-olds buying cannabis online.

Sarah (not her real name), a professional in her 40s, says “buying on the streets isn’t an option for me”. She has bought fake cannabis vapes through Instagram in the past.

But she says tests confirmed THC was present in a vape she bought through one of the websites.

It’s illegal to possess and sell products containing THC without a prescription, but Sarah says she’s more worried about losing money if the package gets intercepted.

“I don’t think the police would do much anyway,” she says.

On bins

What are police doing about it?

Supply can carry a maximum 14-year prison sentence, with five years for possession, although those caught with a small amount of cannabis are often dealt with by way of a warning or on-the-spot fine.

Police are aware QR code stickers are being used to sell drugs and see it as part of the evolution of how criminals have adopted technology.

They believe they could be used as evidence in future prosecutions, although none of the forces we contacted, where the issue has been reported, were able to point to any arrests.

Derbyshire Police says officers are on the look-out for stickers and will remove them when out on patrol but have not yet been able to identify the people responsible.

Detective Constable Matt Pedrick, from West Mercia Police, another area where the stickers have been reported, says any website advertising the sale of cannabis “is probably based outside the UK”.

“We remove the stickers when we find them, and would advise anyone to steer clear of these websites and to remember that drugs laws apply to all drugs regardless of where they are purchased.”

Police also believe the stickers aren’t just a matter for their officers and want councils, businesses and transport companies to remove them – and for postal services to ensure they’re not inadvertently helping supply drugs.

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Ex-NCA officer Tony Saggers says the brazen nature of the operation suggests those behind it are “laughing in the face of law enforcement” but doesn’t think it represents decriminalisation by the back door.

He says the combination of an online marketplace and a drug that’s a lower priority for police “make it easier for some people to get away with that for periods of time”.

“But I wouldn’t ever suggest that they’re always going to get away with it because people’s time does come round,” he says.

“And if a site that’s doing well and selling high volumes and increasingly high volumes continues to be successful, they’re more likely to attract attention.”

We contacted the NCA about our findings.

“Many organised crime groups selling drugs use social media and communication platforms to promote and sell their illicit produce,” it said in a statement.

“The NCA is working with partners across law enforcement and government to tackle drug trafficking.”

It suggested we contact the Metropolitan Police and Ofcom, which regulates the postal service.

The Met pointed us to the National Police Chiefs’ Council (NPCC) because “the website covers the UK”, but the NPCC would not provide a comment on the record.

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