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What are gallium and germanium, and why is China restricting their exports?

China is restricting exports of two niche metals that are key to manufacture electronics and semiconductors, as the tech battle with the U.S. and Europe heats up.

Germanium and gallium are the two metals in the spotlight.

But what and how crucial are they?

Why is China slapping export curbs on the metals?

China and the U.S. have been locked in a technology trade war that has been escalating since 2019. The U.S. has used trade blacklists and sweeping export restrictions to cut China off from key technology components and semiconductors or chips.

These critical pieces of tech have become a focal point in the battle between the two superpowers.

China has not retaliated much so far, but in May labelled U.S. chip firm Micron a “major security risk.” Now, Beijing is looking to areas it has some strength in — the metals and materials that go into electronics and semiconductors.

China’s commerce ministry on Monday said that new regulations will require exporters of gallium and germanium to get a license to ship the metals. Beijing brought in the new rules on national security grounds.

What are germanium and gallium?

Germanium and gallium are metals that are not found naturally. They are instead formed, usually as a by-product of the refineries of other metals.

Germanium, a silvery-white metal, is formed as by-product of zinc production. Fellow soft, silvery metal Gallium, meanwhile, is a by-product of processing bauxite and zinc ores.

What are germanium and gallium used for?

Germanium has several uses, including in solar products and fiber optics. The metal is transparent to infrared radiation and can be employed in military applications, such as night-vision goggles.

The solar panels that contain germanium have applications in space.

Gallium is used for manufacturing the gallium arsenide chemical compound, which can make radio frequency chips for mobile phones and satellite communication, for example. That compound is also a key material in semiconductors.

Which country produces the metals?

China produces 60% of the world’s germanium and 80% of gallium, according to the Critical Raw Materials Alliance, an industry body.

Gallium arsenide is complex to produce, and only a few companies in the world can do so. One is located in Europe, while the others are in Japan and China, the CRM Alliance says.

How big of a deal are China’s curbs?

“A warning shot, not a death blow,” Eurasia Group said in a note on Monday.

“But these latest measures are more limited in scope, and while the new rules require Chinese exporters to first obtain a license, no language automatically bars export to specific countries or end-users.”

The U.S. and Europe don’t import huge amounts of these materials. The U.S. received $5 million of gallium metal and $220 million of gallium arsenide in 2022, according to government figures.

Germanium intake was higher, with the country taking $60 million of the metal, while the EU imported $130 million of Germanium in 2022, according to data from S&P Global Market Intelligence.

Other countries are also able to produce these metals. Belgium, Canada, Germany, Japan, and Ukraine can manufacture germanium. Japan, South Korea, Ukraine, Russia and Germany meanwhile produce gallium.

There are also potential substitutes for these metals.

China’s scale allowed it to produce them at a lower cost than elsewhere, but Eurasia Group notes that Beijing’s moves will have a “limited impact on global supply given the targeted scope.”

“It is a shot across the bow intended to remind countries including the United States, Japan, and the Netherlands that China has retaliatory options and to thereby deter them from imposing further restrictions on Chinese access to high-end chips and tools,” Eurasia Group said.

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A little-known startup just used AI to make a moon dust battery for Blue Origin

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A little-known startup just used AI to make a moon dust battery for Blue Origin

Istari Digital CEO Will Roper talks about the AI technology that built the Blue Origin moon vacuum

Artificial intelligence has created a device that turns moon dust into energy.

The moon vacuum, which was unveiled on Wednesday by Blue Origin at Amazon‘s re:Invent 2025 conference in Las Vegas, was built using critical technology from startup Istari Digital.

“So what it does is sucks up moon dust and it extracts the heat from it so it can be used as an energy source, like turning moon dust into a battery,” Istari CEO Will Roper told CNBC’s Morgan Brennan.

Spacecraft carrying out missions on the lunar surface are typically constrained by lunar night, the two-week period every 28 days during which the moon is cast in darkness and temperatures experience extreme drops, crippling hardware and rendering it useless unless a strong, long-lasting power source is present.

“Kind of like vacuuming at home, but creating your own electricity while you do it,” he added.

The battery was completely designed by AI, said Roper, who was assistant secretary of the Air Force under President Donald Trump‘s first term and is known for transforming the acquisition process at both the Air Force and, at the time, the newly created Space Force.

Read more CNBC tech news

A major part of the breakthrough in Istari’s technology is the way in which it handles and limits AI hallucinations.

Roper said the platform takes all the requirements a part needs and creates guardrails or a “fence around the playground” that the AI can’t leave while coming up with designs.

“Within that playground, AI can generate to its heart’s content,” he said.

“In the case of Blue Origin’s moon battery, [it] doesn’t tell you the design was a good one, but it tells us that all of the requirements were met, the standards were met, things like that that you got to check before you go operational,” he added.

Istari is backed by former Google CEO Eric Schmidt and already works with the U.S. government, including as a prime contractor with Lockheed Martin on the experimental x-56A unmanned aircraft.

Watch the full interview above and go deeper into the business of the stars with the Manifest Space podcast.

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Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang talks chip restrictions with Trump, blasts state-by-state AI regulations

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Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang talks chip restrictions with Trump, blasts state-by-state AI regulations

Jensen Huang: State-by-state AI regulation would drag industry to a halt

Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang said he met with President Donald Trump on Wednesday and that the two men discussed chip export restrictions, as lawmakers consider a proposal to limit exports of advanced artificial intelligence chips to nations like China.

“I’ve said it repeatedly that we support export controls, and that we should ensure that American companies have the best and the most and first,” Huang told reporters on Capitol Hill.

Lawmakers were considering including the Guaranteeing Access and Innovation for National Artificial Intelligence Act in a major defense package, known as the National Defense Authorization Act. The GAIN AI Act would require chipmakers like Nvidia and Advanced Micro Devices to give U.S. companies first pick on their AI chips before selling them in countries like China.

The proposal isn’t expected to be part of the NDAA, Bloomberg reported, citing a person familiar with the matter.

Huang said it was “wise” that the proposal is being left out of the annual defense policy bill.

“The GAIN AI Act is even more detrimental to the United States than the AI Diffusion Act,” Huang said.

Nvidia’s CEO also criticized the idea of establishing a patchwork of state laws regulating AI. The notion of state-by-state regulation has generated pushback from tech companies and spurred the creation of a super PAC called “Leading the Future,” which is backed by the AI industry.

“State-by-state AI regulation would drag this industry into a halt and it would create a national security concern, as we need to make sure that the United States advances AI technology as quickly as possible,” Huang said. “A federal AI regulation is the wisest.”

Trump last month urged legislators to include a provision in the NDAA that would preempt state AI laws in favor of “one federal standard.”

But House Majority Leader Steve Scalise (R-LA) told CNBC’s Emily Wilkins on Tuesday the provision won’t make it into the bill, citing a lack of sufficient support. He and other lawmakers will continue to look for ways to establish a national standard on AI, Scalise added.

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Design executive behind ‘Liquid Glass’ is leaving Apple

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Design executive behind 'Liquid Glass' is leaving Apple

File: Then Apple Creative Director Alan Dye celebrates the launch of the July Issue at the new WIRED office on June 24, 2015 in San Francisco, California.

Kimberly White | Getty Images

Apple‘s head of user interface design, Alan Dye, will join Meta, in a notable shift of executive talent in Silicon Valley.

The iPhone maker confirmed Dye’s departure on Wednesday and Apple CEO Tim Cook said in a statement that the company prioritizes design and has a strong team. The statement said that veteran designer Stephen Lemay will succeed Dye.

“Steve Lemay has played a key role in the design of every major Apple interface since 1999,” Cook said in a statement.

Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg in a Wednesday social media post said that Dye would lead up a new creative studio that brings together design, fashion and technology.

“We plan to elevate design within Meta,” wrote Zuckerberg, who did not say what specific products Dye will work on.

Compared to other Silicon Valley companies, Apple has always emphasized design to customers and investors as one of its strengths. Apple prominently features its design executives to discuss interface changes at the company’s launch events.

In June, Dye revealed a redesign of Apple’s software interface for iPhones, Macs and the Apple Watch called Liquid Glass. The company described it as an “elegant” new design with translucent buttons, updated app icons and fluid animations.

Dye said it was the “next chapter” of the company’s software and said it “sets the stage” for the next era of Apple products.

“Our new design blurs the lines between hardware and software to create an experience that’s more delightful than ever while still familiar and easy to use,” Dye said at the launch.

Reviews were mixed on the Liquid Glass update, which shipped with new iPhones in September.

Apple announces liquid glass during the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 9, 2025 in Cupertino, California.

Justin Sullivan | Getty Images

For years, Apple design was embodied by executive Jony Ive, who left Apple in 2019 and is now working with OpenAI on artificial intelligence hardware alongside Sam Altman.

Dye took over user interface design and became one of the design studio’s leads in 2015 when Ive stepped back from a day-to-day role. Dye started at Apple in 2006 and worked on software for the iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, Apple TV and Vision Pro, according to his LinkedIn profile.

He was also partly responsible for the first iPhone in 2017 that did away with the home screen button at the bottom of the device and replaced it with a software-based swipe-up motion.

Meta has said in recent years that it wants to be a major developer of hardware and Zuckerberg has said Apple is one of his company’s biggest competitors.

The social media company currently makes several virtual reality headsets under its Quest brand, and recently scored its first hardware hit with Ray-Ban Meta smart glasses, which are stylish sunglasses equipped with cameras and the ability to run an AI model that can answer questions. Sales of the device tripled over the past year, Ray-Ban parent company EssilorLuxottica said in July.

“We’re entering a new era where AI glasses and other devices will change how we connect with technology and each other,” Zuckerberg wrote.

Bloomberg first reported the move.

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