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Japan is known for its futuristic technology. But the nation is lagging behind in the generative AI race and is trying to create its own large language models.

Mr.cole_photographer | Moment | Getty Images

Countries are racing to develop their own generative artificial intelligence algorithms, but high tech Japan is already behind.

Generative AI has been the trendiest topic in tech since OpenAI made waves with its chatbot ChatGPT. Breakthroughs in generative AI possess the potential to fuel a 7% increase in global GDP, or almost $7 trillion, over the next decade, according to Goldman Sachs research.

Key to generative AI development are large language models which underpin the likes of ChatGPT and Baidu’s Ernie Bot, capable of processing vast data sets to generate text and other content. But Japan is currently trailing behind the U.S., China and the EU in developing these algorithms, said Noriyuki Kojima, co-founder of Japanese LLM startup Kotoba Technology.

Chinese organizations, including tech giants Alibaba and Tencent, have launched at least 79 LLMs domestically over the past three years, Reuters reported in May citing research from a consortium of state-run institutes. U.S. corporate powerhouses such as OpenAI, Microsoft, Google and Meta play a significant role in propelling the country’s LLM advancements, said Kojima.

Japan lagging behind in generative AI

Japan, however, lags behind the U.S., China and Europe in the scale and speed of its LLM development.

“Japan’s trailing position in the field of generative AI largely stems from its comparative shortcomings in deep learning and more extensive software development,” said Kojima.

Deep learning requires a “robust community of software engineers” to develop necessary infrastructure and applications, Kojima added. Japan, however, will face a deficit of 789,000 software engineers by 2030, according to the Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry. The nation is now ranked 28th out of 63 countries in terms of technological knowledge, according to the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking.

Japan also faces hardware challenges as LLMs need to be trained using AI supercomputers like IBM’s Vela and Microsoft’s Azure-hosted system. But no private company in Japan possesses its own “world-class machine” with those capabilities, Nikkei Asia reported.

Government-controlled supercomputers like Fugaku therefore “hold the key” to Japan’s pursuit of LLMs, Kojima explained.

“Access to such large-scale supercomputers forms the backbone of LLM development, as it has traditionally been the most significant bottleneck in the process,” he said.

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The Japanese government will also invest 6.8 billion yen ($48.2 million), about half the total cost, to build a new supercomputer in Hokkaido that will begin service as early as next year, Nikkei Asia reported. The supercomputer will specialize in LLM training to promote Japan’s development of generative AI, said Nikkei Asia.

In April, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida said the country supports the industrial use of generative AI technology. Kishida’s remarks followed his meeting with OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, who said the company is looking to open an office in Japan.

Japanese companies pursuing generative AI

Big Tech players have also joined the fray to boost Japan’s standing in generative AI. In June, SoftBank’s mobile arm said it plans to develop its own generative AI platform, reported local media. This was underscored by SoftBank CEO Masayoshi Son’s announcement that the investment firm plans to shift from “defense mode” to “offense mode” and intensify its focus on AI.

“We would like to be [in] the leading position for the AI revolution,” Son said during a shareholders’ annual general meeting.

SoftBank Group sold its 85% stake in SB Energy to Toyota Tsusho in April and recently agreed to sell its 90% stake in U.S. investment manager Fortress Investment Group, Nikkei Asia reported. Trimming these other investments helps SoftBank free up cash, allowing it to focus largely on AI through its Vision Fund venture capital investment unit.

SoftBank-owned chip design company Arm is also set to pursue a U.S. IPO listing later in the year. “It will be by far the biggest IPO that’s hit the world,” said Amir Anvarzadeh, Japan equity market strategist at Asymmetric Advisors.

The IPO will provide a hefty sum to boost funds at SoftBank, which reported a record 4.3 trillion yen loss at Vision Fund for its fiscal year ending March 31.

Arm originally sought to raise between $8 billion and $10 billion. But with demand for semiconductor chips “through the roof,” Anvarzadeh suggested Arm could raise as much as $50 billion to $60 billion — or “85% of SoftBank’s market cap.”

He said SoftBank’s share price will likely rise, although this does not guarantee the success of its AI efforts.

“Fundamentally, I don’t think SoftBank is going to change Japan’s landscape … they are no savior of Japan’s AI,” he said.

SoftBank CEO Masayoshi Son says the giant is ready to shift to 'offense' mode

Japanese telecommunications company NTT also announced plans to develop its own LLM this fiscal year, aiming to create a “lightweight and efficient” service for corporations. NTT said it will funnel 8 trillion yen over the next five years into growth areas like data centers and AI, a 50% increase from its previous level of investment.

Local media reported that digital ad company CyberAgent released an LLM in May that enables companies to create AI chatbot tools. The company said it is one of few “models specialized in the Japanese language and culture.”

While it has yet to catch up in the generative AI space, Japan is making its first stride with these private sector efforts. Once a “robust infrastructure” is established, the remaining technical challenges are likely to be “significantly mitigated” by using open-sourced software and data from previous pioneers, Kojima said. Bloom, Falcon and RedPajama are all open-sourced LLMs trained on vast amounts of data that can be downloaded and studied.

However, companies venturing into this field should anticipate competition spanning a “relatively longer timeframe,” Kojima said. Developing LLMs requires substantial capital investment and a workforce highly skilled in natural language processing and high-performance computing, he explained.

“SoftBank and NTT, joining this competition, will not change the AI landscape in the short-term.”

AI regulation in Japan

Japanese tech companies’ increased participation in generative AI development coincides with a positive stance on AI adoption in other sectors. Over 60% of companies in Japan have a positive attitude toward using generative AI in their operations, while 9.1% are already doing so, a survey by Teikoku Databank found.

Hitachi has established a generative AI center to promote employee’s safe and effective use of the technology, it said in May. With the expertise of data scientists, AI researchers and relevant specialists, the center will formulate guidelines to mitigate the risks of generative AI, the conglomerate said.

Japan will even consider government adoption of AI technology like ChatGPT, provided that cybersecurity and privacy concerns are resolved, said Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno.

As Japan becomes more open to the use of generative AI, the government should formulate and facilitate soft guidelines regarding its use, while assessing the need for hard regulation based on specific risks, said Hiroki Habuka, research professor at Kyoto University’s Graduate School of Law.

“Without clearer guidance on what actions companies should take when using generative AI, practices may become fragmented,” the professor said.

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SpaceX crane collapse in Texas being investigated by OSHA

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SpaceX crane collapse in Texas being investigated by OSHA

The SpaceX Starbase industrial complex and rocket launch facility in Boca Chica, Texas, US, on Thursday, April 17, 2025.

Mark Felix | Bloomberg | Getty Images

A SpaceX crane collapse at the company’s Starbase, Texas facility on Tuesday has prompted an investigation by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the federal agency told CNBC in an email.

The crane collapse was captured in a livestream by Lab Padre on YouTube, a SpaceX-focused channel. Clips from Lab Padre were widely shared on social media, including on X, which is owned by SpaceX CEO Elon Musk.

It wasn’t immediately clear whether any SpaceX workers were injured as a result of the incident. Musk and other company executives didn’t respond to a request for comment.

A spokesperson for OSHA told CNBC that more details will be available after the investigation is complete.

SpaceX has a history of workplace injuries that exceed industry average, Reuters previously reported. In 2014, one of the company’s employees, Simon LeBlanc, died on the job due to what OSHA concluded was a failure by the company to protect him from a clear hazard.

Earlier this year, the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), a Musk-led effort by the Trump administration to slash the size of the federal government, cut OSHA’s resources and shuttered at least 11 of its field offices. Through DOGE, Musk sought to reduce federal agency budgets, personnel and even certain regulations, limiting their ability to investigate and enforce existing laws.

The SpaceX crane collapse followed a string of explosions and other setbacks for the company’s Starship Super Heavy launch vehicle, the largest rocket ever flown, which is key to Musk’s ambition to transport equipment and people to Mars.

Environmental activists in the U.S. and Mexico say those explosions have harmed sensitive habitat, wildlife and marine life. SpaceX said, in posts online, that its activity had not harmed the surrounding area during the most recent explosion on June 18.

Starship was previously expected to play an important part in NASA’s effort to return to the moon. SpaceX had earned more than $20 billion in federal government contracts mostly from the Department of Defense and NASA.

Meanwhile, NASA’s proposed lean budget for the next year has not yet been authorized by Congress and could impact the agency’s business with SpaceX, and shift the focus of its missions.

Musk, who was President Donald Trump’s biggest financial backer, sought to appoint his friend Jared Issacman, a commercial astronaut, to lead NASA under the second Trump administration. Trump withdrew his nomination of Isaacman as the president bickered with Musk in the waning days of the billionaire’s formal involvement with the White House.

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What’s driving Wall Street stablecoin interest? Trillions up for grabs in the future and banks getting ready for it

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What's driving Wall Street stablecoin interest? Trillions up for grabs in the future and banks getting ready for it

After a brief pullback this week, shares of stablecoin issuer and recent IPO darling Circle were in rally mode again, soaring double-digits on a percentage basis during trading on Thursday and ending the day up close to 8%, after having moved up by more than 600% percent since its debut on the New York Stock Exchange earlier this month.  

Bitcoin and ether have led a recent crypto rise, as digital assets joined the resumption of the risk-on rally, with additional factors such as the potential for lower interest rates later this year, some more moderate talk from the White House on tariffs, and at least temporary easing of tensions in the Middle East.

But when it comes to Circle and the stablecoin boom, there’s a more fundamental driver as Wall Street interest in the technology continues to evolve, and more ties are built between the old rails of the financial world and the new digital assets infrastructure.

Fiserv debuted a stablecoin earlier this week. Mastercard then linked that stablecoin to its network.

Credit cards are a good place to understand the opportunity, according to Zach Abrams, Bridge co-founder and CEO, who told CNBC’s MacKenzie Sigalos that the market is estimated to grow into the trillions and could be the biggest global money-moving shift since the introduction of credit cards.

Some of the top private companies are already making major use of stablecoins today. Abrams cited the example of ScaleAI, into which Meta just invested over $14 billion, and which uses Bridge to pay data labelers all over the world. SpaceX also uses Bridge to convert payments made for its Starlink internet services in local currencies and bring the money back to the U.S.

“We think that stablecoins are an entirely new money-movement platform, like credit cards were decades ago,” Abrams said in an interview for Thursday’s “Crypto World.”

“[Credit cards] created trillions in value and I think stablecoins will be the same,” he said. “We think it’s going to be a very big change that will play out over many years,” he added.

Bridge was recently acquired by private fintech giant Stripe for $1.1 billion.

Abrams said as regulatory clarity increases, more traditional financial players will want to get in on the opportunity. Stablecoins, less than a decade old, are today a $400 billion market, and Abrams says that if, as most banks think, the market “will get to a few trillion” it is a market where peeling off some of that share has to be a focus.

Today, it is served almost entirely by Tether and Circle, he said. Ultimately, there is a role not just for big financial firms like JPMorgan Chase and Bank of America, but Fiserv and local banks. In fact, the move up to trillions in stablecoin market value won’t happen, Abrams said, without “a huge percentage” being handled by traditional financial institutions.

Wall street’s embrace of tokenization keeps growing in other ways as well. New York-based investment startup Republic announced this week it will allow users to buy tokens that represent private companies like SpaceX, OpenAI and Anthropic. Republic will offer these tokens for a minimum of $50, lower than the roughly $10,000 typically required for investing in private companies. 

You can watch the full interview with Abrams above in Thursday’s “Crypto World.”

In other crypto news of note on Thursday:

Ripple and the SEC can’t put their legal battle behind them, yet.

A federal judge rejected the joint motion by the crypto firm and the regulator to endorse Ripple’s reduced $50 million fine to settle the civil lawsuit over the alleged sale of unregistered securities, saying they lacked the authority to make the deal. Ripple-linked cryptocurrency XRP was down over 2% on Thursday. Ripple’s chief legal officer Stu Alderoty laid out the company’s options in an X post.

Also, more from “Crypto World” on the news that first broke yesterday that the Trump administration is working to let home buyers include their crypto in federal mortgage applications.

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Tesla head of manufacturing Omead Afshar fired by Elon Musk

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Tesla head of manufacturing Omead Afshar fired by Elon Musk

Elon Musk, chief executive officer of Tesla Inc., center left, Ying Yong, mayor of Shanghai, center right, and Omead Afshar, left, leave an event at the site of the company’s manufacturing facility in Shanghai, China, on Monday, Jan. 7, 2019.

Qilai Shen | Bloomberg | Getty Images

Tesla CEO Elon Musk has fired Omead Afshar, the automaker’s vice president of manufacturing and operations, CNBC has confirmed, following declines in car sales in key markets this year.

Afshar, who reported directly to Musk, led a team of more than a half-dozen high level employees, according to internal organizational charts viewed by CNBC.

Forbes first reported that Afshar was dismissed by Musk. Bloomberg reported earlier that Afshar had left the company.

Executives on Afshar’s team included Troy Jones, who is Tesla’s vice president of North American sales, and Joe Ward, vice president of the Europe, Middle East and Africa region. Also on his team was Karen Steakley, who now leads business development and policy for Tesla, and previously held the role of deputy director for legislative affairs for Texas Republican Governor Greg Abbott.

CNBC reached out to Afshar and to other Tesla executives as well as board members. They didn’t immediately respond to requests for comment.

Afshar was the subject of an internal investigation at Tesla in 2022, Bloomberg reported, which had focused on his orders of hard-to-get construction materials, including a special kind of glass for a secretive project for Musk.

Following that probe, Afshar also worked for SpaceX, Musk’s aerospace and defense contractor, but had returned to Tesla and was promoted to the vice president role.

Afshar’s termination follows the resignation of Milan Kovac, previously head of Tesla’s Optimus humanoid robotics program, earlier this month. Kovac said in a post on X that he was leaving in order to spend more time with his family. Musk has thanked Kovac publicly for his work.

Tesla’s stock price is down 19% this year, badly underperforming the Nasdaq and most of its megacap tech peers.

Tesla new car sales in Europe fell for a fifth straight month in May, according to data published on Wednesday from the European Automobile Manufacturers Association, or ACEA, as customers pivot to cheaper Chinese electric vehicles.

The company has faced brand and reputational damage in the past year, largely due to Musk‘s incendiary rhetoric and political activity. Musk spent nearly $300 million to help elect U.S. President Donald Trump to a second term and then led an initiative to slash federal agencies and their resources.

Musk also formally endorsed and promoted Germany’s far-right, anti-immigrant AfD party.

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