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July 19, 2023

Benjamin Franklin was an inventor, publisher, scientist, diplomat, and U.S. founding father. Now thanks to a team at the University of Notre Dame, we know how he worked to combat a big problem in his day the constant threat of counterfeiting money.

Franklin was an early innovator of printing techniques that used colored threads, watermarks, and imprints of natural objects such as leaves to make it far harder for others to create knockoffs of his paper bills.

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Franklin succeeded in thwarting would-be criminal efforts with his early printing techniques, 126 years before President Abraham Lincoln created the U.S. Secret Service to suppress widespread counterfeiting following the Civil War.

A research team at the University of Notre Dame used advanced scanning that reveal some of Franklin’s methods in greater detail.

The team’s research was published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The data was gathered with techniques such as spectroscopy and fluorescence tests, which use light to identify elements such as carbon, calcium, and potassium in test samples.

Lead author Khachatur Manukyan, a Notre Dame associate professor of physics, said the intent was to learn more about the materials used by Franklin and his network of affiliated printers and how they served to distinguish their bills from cheaper copies.

“The goal was to decode what type of material they used,” Manukyan said in an interview. “And then we found some very interesting differences between this money and other printers.”

The researchers studied Franklin’s use of watermarks on bills. These tiny indigo-dyed threads and “fillers” of special crystal in the printed bills were created as obstacles for counterfeiters. 

These fillers also were printed on better paper which made the bills last longer in circulation. Franklin’s dyed threads made it even more difficult for criminals to try to reproduce since they used cheaper paper and printers with lesser skills.

The published study also highlights Franklin’s use of “nature printing,” a technique by which he transferred the detailed vein patterns of tree leaves to printing plates.

The Notre Dame research team also found that Franklin used his own graphite-based ink, instead of the more common ink used at the time known as “boneblack” which was made by a process of heating animal bones.  

Counterfeiting would grow to such an extent during the Revolutionary War, mainly due to the British Army, that even after winning its independence, the newly-formed U.S. government would give the nod to producing gold and silver coins rather than printed bills. The first coins were struck in 1791. 

The government did not issue paper money until 1861 during the first months of the Civil War when Congress authorized the printing of dollar bills called “greenbacks.”

The use of Franklin’s colored threads remains in use today even though in a more modern form. Today’s U.S. currency features an embedded “security thread” in bills denominated $5 or more. However,  it’s now a thin vertical band that fluoresces under ultraviolet light.

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Sports

LSU’s Kelly disputes claim he abandoned player

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LSU's Kelly disputes claim he abandoned player

Brian Kelly on Wednesday disputed comments made by the father of former LSU safety Greg Brooks Jr., who alleged the Tigers coach abandoned the player after he had surgery to remove a brain tumor in September 2023.

In an interview on “Good Morning America” on Monday, Greg Brooks Sr. said his family hadn’t heard from Kelly or anyone on LSU’s coaching staff since shortly after the surgery.

“There’s many things I can’t say because it is pending litigation, but here’s what I can tell you: It is factually incorrect to state that I was not there by Greg’s side through this ordeal on multiple occasions,” Kelly said during a news conference Wednesday. “I had somebody from my staff that was there virtually every single day.

“We love Greg, we love him for the person that he is, for the competitor that he is and the battler that he is. We only wish him continued progress as he goes through an [incredibly] difficult time.”

In a lawsuit filed in August against LSU and Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Brooks Jr. accused the Tigers coaching staff of encouraging him to practice after he showed symptoms in practice that something was wrong. He alleged that team athletic trainers misdiagnosed his condition for weeks and waited too long to send him to a neurological specialist.

Brooks, a team captain who transferred to LSU from Arkansas, played in two games in 2023 before doctors discovered the brain tumor.

The complaint alleges that the surgeon who removed the tumor wasn’t qualified to perform the procedure and caused “catastrophic neurological injuries” that left Brooks Jr. permanently disabled. The lawsuit says Brooks Jr. suffered multiple strokes during surgery.

Brooks Jr., 23, can’t walk more than a year after the surgery and is confined to a wheelchair. He had to learn how to write and speak again through rehabilitation.

Doctors told Brooks Jr. that he is cancer-free after undergoing chemotherapy and radiation treatments, according to “Good Morning America.” During the interview, Brooks’ father said he hadn’t heard from LSU coaches during his son’s recovery.

“Specifically, Brian Kelly,” Brooks Sr. said. “My son almost lost his life. Coach, where were you? Forget about football. Pick up the phone and say you love the kid, man.”

Kelly denied the accusation Wednesday.

“You can question me as a football coach, you can question me with things we do on the field but off the field, as a parent, a husband, as someone who is actively involved in every community that I’ve been involved with, this is where I draw the line for me,” Kelly said. “That comment struck a nerve with me. It hit my heart. I’m in this business for our players, and it rattled me that somebody could possibly be so factually incorrect in stating that I was not a part of Greg Brooks Jr.’s care and support. The support was the entire university and entire community. I needed to make sure that record was clear.”

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Sports

Sources: Hartline to be Ohio State’s primary OC

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Sources: Hartline to be Ohio State's primary OC

Ohio State is set to promote Brian Hartline as its primary offensive coordinator, replacing Chip Kelly, and will have him handle playcalling, sources confirmed to ESPN on Wednesday.

Hartline, a former Ohio State standout wide receiver who has coached the team’s wideouts since 2018, served as co-offensive coordinator under Kelly last season as the Buckeyes won their first national title in a decade. He held the primary offensive coordinator title in 2023, although head coach Ryan Day handled much of the playcalling. Day gave up playcalling to Kelly after the 2023 season, choosing to focus on the team’s overall operation, and is expected to keep the approach with Hartline, according to a source.

Kelly left earlier this week to become Las Vegas Raiders offensive coordinator under new coach Pete Carroll. 247 Sports first reported Hartline’s expected promotion.

Hartline played for Ohio State from 2006 to 2008, before entering the NFL draft, where he was selected in the fourth round. He played six seasons for the Miami Dolphins and one for the Cleveland Browns.

Since returning to his alma mater, Hartline has overseen one of the nation’s top wide receiver rooms, which has produced five NFL first-round draft picks in the past three drafts, including Marvin Harrison Jr., the No. 4 pick in 2024. Ohio State returns record-setting wide receiver Jeremiah Smith and others for the 2025 season but will be looking for a new starting quarterback.

Offensive analyst Billy Fessler is expected to be promoted to quarterbacks coach, sources confirmed to ESPN’s Pete Thamel.

Hartline’s offensive staff also will include new line coach Tyler Bowen, who had previously been Virginia Tech’s offensive coordinator, sources told Thamel earlier Wednesday. Bowen replaces Justin Frye, who left to coach offensive line for the Arizona Cardinals.

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Environment

Trump to help spark a nuclear energy ‘renaissance,’ investor says

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Trump to help spark a nuclear energy ‘renaissance,’ investor says

There's a 'nuclear renaissance,' says CIO

Nuclear energy is set for a “renaissance” that will be accelerated by backing from U.S. President Donald Trump’s administration.

That’s according to Yuri Khodjamirian, chief information officer at Tema ETFs, who noted that the Trump administration is “very, very interested in backing this technology.’ However, he also warned investors that developing this energy source is “going to take time.”

New nuclear technology approvals take “10 years to get done,” Khodjamirian said, but added that the nuclear re-emergence will likely be accelerated under the new Trump administration.

Speaking to CNBC’s Silvia Amaro on Tuesday’s “Squawk Box Europe,” Khodjamirian said his investment fund has its eyes on firms with a history of developing nuclear technology, such as U.S.-based BWX Technologies, which builds nuclear reactors for military carriers and submarines.

Khodjamirian said Tema is being “very selective in a new technology called small scale modular reactors.”

Small scale modular reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors with the ability to provide around one-third of the generating capacity of traditional nuclear power reactors, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency.

SMRs take up less physical space compared to conventional reactors and produce a large amount of low-carbon electricity.

“There’s a lot of excitement there, and equally, a lot of loss-making companies that have unproven technologies, and we’re going for companies that have projects that are approved,” Khodjamirian said.

The nuclear energy renaissance is partly driven by a wave of people that are “realizing that it’s a stable, clean source of energy,” the chief investment officer said, adding that he believes that “there is a need for extra investment” in nuclear, alongside green energy sources that are variable in their electricity production.

“Renewables are good. They can be put up to speed quickly, but they require battery storage,” he said.

Why Amazon, Microsoft, Google and Meta are investing in nuclear power

Trump has moved quickly on his energy agenda since his return to the White House. The U.S. Senate on Monday confirmed Chris Wright, a fracking executive and a Trump ally, as energy secretary.

Wright is a known nuclear energy supporter, having previously served on the board of advanced reactor company Oklo, as well as having held the position of chief executive at Liberty Energy. The energy firm has since appointed a new CEO following Wright’s confirmation as U.S. secretary of energy.

In 2023, Wright signed a letter supporting nuclear energy.

Digital borders

Khodjamirian is also closely monitoring artificial intelligence volatility, after the emergence of China’s Open AI model DeepSeek sparked concerns over how much money big tech companies will invest in AI.

European nations have voiced security concerns over DeepSeek.

Italy was the first country to block DeepSeek on data protection concerns. France‘s privacy watchdog has expressed concerns and South Korea’s industry ministry has temporarily restricted employee access to the Chinese startup’s AI model.

Taiwan, meanwhile, banned state departments from using the Beijing-based chatbot, wary of potential security threats from Beijing.

The international pushback shows that “no one really knows exactly how to defend digital borders,” according to Khodjamirian.

Global concern will “limit the growth of this model, because it’s coming out of China, but it’s clearly showing you that the West needs to be aware that there’s a lot of technical development,” he said.

“[But] I do think it redraws some of the lines, and it’ll be interesting to see how the U.S. in particular reacts,” he added.

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