Caroline Ellison, former chief executive officer of Alameda Research LLC, exits court in New York, US, on Tuesday, Oct. 10, 2023.
Yuki Iwamura | Bloomberg | Getty Images
Caroline Ellison, who ran Sam Bankman-Fried’s crypto hedge fund while also dating the FTX founder, told jurors in her second day of testimony that one way her boss was considering repaying FTX customer accounts was by raising money from Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.
Ellison, 28, pleaded guilty in December to multiple counts of fraud as part of a plea deal with the government and is now viewed as the prosecution’s star witness in Bankman-Fried’s trial. In damning testimony on Tuesday, she said Bankman-Fried directed her and other staffers to defraud FTX customers by funneling billions of dollars to sister hedge fund Alameda Research.
Assistant U.S. attorney Danielle Sassoon wasted no time diving back into the questioning when court was called to session at 9:30am.
After previously detailing how FTX customer funds were used to repay Alameda loans, Ellison said on Wednesday that crypto lender Genesis called back a bunch of loans in 2022 and asked to see a balance sheet. Because Alameda’s actual balance sheet showed it had $15 billion in FTX customer funds, Bankman-Fried directed Ellison on June 28, 2022, to come up with “alternative” balance sheets that didn’t look as bad, she said.
Ellison, wearing a buttoned gray blazer with her long hair swept over her left shoulder, said she discussed her concerns with Bankman-Fried as well as top execs Gary Wang and Nishad Singh. She said the group brainstormed ways to make the balance sheet look better.
Assistant U.S. Attorney Danielle Sassoon questions Caroline Ellison as defense lawyer Mark Cohen stands to object at Sam Bankman-Fried’s fraud trial before U.S. District Judge Lewis Kaplan over the collapse of FTX, the bankrupt cryptocurrency exchange, at Federal Court in New York City, U.S., October 11, 2023 in this courtroom sketch.
Jane Rosenberg | Reuters
After the meeting, Ellison prepared a number of different balance sheet variations to send to Genesis. Eventually, according to Ellison, Bankman-Fried chose the one that omitted a line saying “FTX borrows,” hiding $10 billion in borrowed customer money. “Some was netted against related-party loans,” she said, and “some netted against crypto.”
That made it seem “like we had plenty of assets to cover our open term loans,” Ellison said.
Ellison told jurors she “was in a constant state of dread” since she knew there were billions of dollars of loans being recalled that could only be repaid with money from FTX customers. She said she was “worried about the possibility of customer withdrawals” that could happen at any time.
“I was concerned that if anyone found out, it would all come crashing down,” Ellison said. When asked by Sassoon why she continued with the scheme, Ellison said, “Sam told me to.”
By October 2022, the internal balance sheet had liabilities of $15.6 billion, while the numbers they showed the lender indicated just under $8 billion. Ellison said Bankman-Fried was talking about trying to raise money from Mohammed bin Salman, also known as MBS, as a way to make FTX customers whole.
Disappearing Signal messages
Ellison, a Stanford graduate and one of Bankman-Fried’s earliest recruits to Alameda in 2017, was reportedly convinced by Bankman-Fried to ditch her job at Wall Street trading firm Jane Street to join Alameda as a trader. At the time, the hedge fund was still in its original office in the San Francisco Bay area.
Six years later, Ellison is testifying against the 31-year-old Bankman-Fried, who faces seven federal charges, including wire fraud, securities fraud and money laundering, all tied to the collapse of FTX and Alameda late last year. If convicted in the trial that began last week, Bankman-Fried could spend his life in prison. He has pleaded not guilty.
Ellison said Bankman-Fried directed FTX and Alameda employees to use the disappearing message setting on Signal and told them to be very careful about what they put in writing because of potential legal exposure. In addition to a companywide meeting about the Signal policy, Bankman-Fried also told employees that when it comes to Slack, they should only write things that they’re comfortable seeing on the front page of the New York Times.
Caroline Ellison, former CEO of Alameda Research, center, arrives at court in New York on Oct. 10, 2023.
Yuki Iwamura | Bloomberg | Getty Images
Backing up to the summer and fall of 2022, Ellison provided more detail about her interactions with Bankman-Fried as his crypto firms’ financial problems were becoming more apparent. Ellison said the two ways they talked about bringing in more money for FTX were by acquiring BlockFi or by selling equity.
In August of last year, Ellison said Bankman-Fried told her that Alameda’s finances were her fault even though she’d been warning about FTX’s expanding portfolio of venture investments and the need to repay FTX customer accounts. Bankman-Fried told her she should have hedged and, “speaking loudly and strongly,” said it was “her fault.”
On the stand, Ellison took some blame, admitting she should have done things differently, “but Sam was the one who chose to make all the investments that put us in a leveraged position,” she said.
Ellison, who’d started dating Bankman-Fried in the summer of 2021, said that by the fall of 2022 they’d been broken up for several months. She said she would try to avoid one-on-one contact with Bankman-Fried, though they were still talking on Signal and were together in group meetings. She said she still provided him the same regular updates on Alameda and its balance sheet.
Ellison said she kept a Google Doc that had a subcategory labeled, “things Sam is freaking out about.” It included, “raising from MBS,” as well as “getting regulators to crack down on Binance,” a rival exchange that was also an early investor in FTX. Bankman-Fried wanted to see Binance feel some pain because he saw that as the best way for FTX to increase market share, Ellison said.
Another worry on the list was, “bad pr in the next six months,” which Bankman-Fried feared would interfere with FTX’s efforts to obtain a license for futures trading in the U.S.
Sam Altman has dismissed longtime rival Elon Musk’s warnings that OpenAI is set to dominate Microsoft, after the companies announced that OpenAI’s latest AI model will be incorporated into Microsoft products.
On Thursday, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella announced that OpenAI’s GPT-5 service would be launching across platforms including Microsoft 365 Copilot, Copilot, GitHub Copilot, and Azure AI Foundry — prompting a response from Musk that “OpenAI is going to eat Microsoft alive.”
Nadella sought to downplay the issue. “People have been trying for 50 years and that’s the fun of it! Each day you learn something new, and innovate, partner, and compete,” he said on X, also expressing excitement for Musk’s own Grok 4 chatbot, which is available on Azure on a limited preview.
OpenAI CEO Altman shared his own repartee on CNBC’s “Squawk Box” Friday, saying, when asked of Musk’s input, “You know, I don’t think about him that much.”
He went on to question the meaning of Musk’s statements, also noting of the tech billionaire, “I thought he was just, like, tweeting all day [on X] about how much OpenAI sucks, and our model is bad, and, you know, [we’re] not gonna be a good company and all that.”
CNBC has reached out to Musk-owned X for comment.
Altman and Musk have frequently exchanged barbs as part of a long-storied feud that dates back to their disagreement over the ultimate mission of OpenAI, which they co-founded in 2015 as a nonprofit AI research lab.
OpenAI has since been seeking to convert into a for-profit entity and capitalize on meteoric demand for its viral ChatGPT product, with Microsoft stepping in as a top backer. Musk previously filed — and has since dropped — a lawsuit against the company, citing breach of contract.
Earlier this year, the Tesla boss also led a consortium that offered to acquire the nonprofit that controls OpenAI for $97.4 billion. Altman declined the proposal with a curt “no thank you but we will buy twitter for $9.74 billion if you want” on social media. He separately told CNBC at the time that he thought the takeover offer was an effort to “slow down a competitor.”
Revolut cards is seen in this illustration photo taken in Krakow, Poland on March 29, 2024.
Jakub Porzycki | Nurphoto | Getty Images
LONDON — Bank of England Governor Andrew Bailey told CNBC there hasn’t been a “falling out” with the U.K. government over delays to fintech giant Revolut’s long-awaited bank license.
Last week, the Financial Times reported that a meeting arranged by British Finance Minister Rachel Reeves with Revolut and the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) — an arm of the BOE that oversees banks — was cancelled after an intervention from Bailey.
Authorizing Revolut as a fully licensed bank has become an important issue for the U.K. government, particularly as key figures in the tech industry have challenged tax changes that affect the wealthy.
However, in an interview with CNBC’s Ritika Gupta on Thursday, Bailey denied any suggestion that relations between the BOE and Treasury had soured over delays to Revolut’s bank license approval process.
“There’s been no falling out between [Reeves] and I on this, or indeed on anything,” he said. “Actually, we have very good relations, and I think both the Bank and the Treasury have made that clear.”
Bailey added that while he couldn’t comment too much on Revolut specifically, the Prudential Regulation Authority is working things through with the digital banking startup during its “mobilization” process.
The fintech giant was granted a banking license with restrictions in July 2024 from the U.K.’s PRA, bringing an end to a years-long application process that began back in 2021.
This key victory moved Revolut into what’s known as the “mobilization” phase of a company’s journey toward becoming a full-fledged bank.
During this period, firms are limited to holding only £50,000 of total customer deposits — well below the hundreds of billions of pounds customers deposit with major high street lenders such as Barclays, HSBC and Santander.
Revolut customers in the U.K. are also still served by the company’s e-money unit, instead of its banking entity. This means they are not directly insured by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme, which protects customers up to £85,000 if a firm fails.
Delays to Revolut have been a point of contention for the government, which has come under fire from the U.K. tech industry for not doing enough to ensure the country can compete effectively with the U.S. and other key hubs.
Bailey stressed that there was “no trade off between financial stability and growth in the economy.” However, he suggested that he was open to rule changes to enable the fintech sector to flourish.
“We are very open to making changes where they’re appropriate,” he said.
When venture capitalist Keith Rabois got into e-commerce, he couldn’t stop buying brands. Now, everything must go.
OpenStore, co-founded by Rabois in 2021, is shutting down nearly all of the 40-plus Shopify stores it acquired, and it’s in the process of liquidating any remaining inventory by offering steep discounts to move merchandise.
Earlier this week, the company announced it plans to focus solely on growing Jack Archer, the menswear brand it bought for $837,000 in 2022. The website address open.store now redirects to jackarcher.com.
The dramatic downsizing to a single brand comes as OpenStore in recent weeksraised a $15 million funding round that valued the company at just $50 million, a fraction of its previous $1 billion valuation, CNBC has confirmed. Bloomberg previously reported on the financing round and some of the reorganization details.
OpenStore’s existing backers include General Catalyst, Lux Capital and Khosla Ventures, where Rabois is a managing director. Rabois didn’t respond to requests for comment.
It marks the latest example of the decaying e-commerce aggregator market. Companies in the space took advantage of low interest rates and pandemic-driven growth in online retail to collectively raise more than $16 billion from top names on Wall Street and in Silicon Valley with the intent of rolling up independent sellers on marketplaces like Amazon and Shopify.
Rabois was the No. 1 cheerleader on social media and elsewhere, touting the startup and its Miami headquarters. He posted on Twitter (now X) in April 2021, the “best talent i have ever worked with is joining Openstore.” About a year later, Business Insider quoted Rabois in a story saying, “We can absolutely handle acquiring a business in a day,” and that “I eventually want to get to one an hour, but that is definitely a challenge.”
As recently as June 2024, Rabois shared a post from the company and wrote, “We’re hiring! Come learn about the future of commerce online.”
By that point, the broader aggregator market was in free fall. Cracks had begun to appear in 2022 as venture funding dried up for cash-burning startups and e-commerce demand cooled with consumers returning to physical stores. Many aggregators struggled to run the brands they acquired profitably, and began selling off assets or merging with rivals to stay afloat.
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Top aggregator Thrasio filed for bankruptcyand laid off staffers in early 2024. Unybrands, backed heavily by Jared Kushner’s Affinity Partners, also cut jobs around the same time.
OpenStore rolled up dozens of Shopify stores offering an assortment of hairbrushes, neck pillows, fine jewelry, skin wands and other goods.
By last year, the business had come under significant pressure. It was becoming increasingly difficult and expensive for some of OpenStore’s brands to attract and retain customers.
Last August, the company tapped the brakes on new acquisitions, and cut jobs across the company, according to people familiar with the matter who asked not to be named because of confidentiality.
Jack Archer and a selection of other brands, like Future Kind supplements, Sweat Tent portable saunas and EXO Drones, were viewed as standouts. But many of OpenStore’s other products failed to grow their sales, while they required costly digital marketing campaigns and new product development that burned through cash, the people said.
By the beginning of this year,employees in OpenStore’s supply chain division were putting together a liquidation list, said one person involved. The first step was to turn off the brand’s Shopify store, then either sell remaining inventory at a discount or donate it, they added.
“It was just way too many different brands to make them all work the way Jack Archer did,” the person said.
As part of the restructuring, OpenStore laid off more employees in June, the people said. Among the teams that were impacted was a group working on an automated customer support service, called OpenDesk, they said.
Several top executives have also departed the company, including OpenStore co-founder and tech chief Jeremy Wood and Trenton Riggs, the company’s president.
When OpenStore was getting started and scaling, some investors with limited domain expertise in e-commerce were attracted to the opportunity because of Rabois’ long history in startups and venture capital, according to a person familiar with the matter who asked not to be named in order to discuss private information. They were less enticed by the business of rolling up small online retailers, the person said.
Before his career in venture at Khosla and Peter Thiel’s Founders Fund, Rabois had key roles at Square, LinkedIn and as part of the so-called PayPal mafia, and he made notable angel investments in companies including YouTube, Airbnb and Palantir.
Rabois, who served as OpenStore’s CEO, won’t be involved in Jack Archer’s day-to-day leadership. He will remain on the company’s board, another person familiar with the matter said. The person asked not to be named in order to discuss private information.
Last month, the companynamed Emma Crepeau, previously growth chief at apparel company Rhone, to be Jack Archer’s CEO as it enters the “next chapter of growth.” Jack Archer, which has seen triple-digit net sales growth year to date and “strong” customer repeat rates, plans to relaunch its brand in the fourth quarter, the person said.
“We’re doubling down on what matters most: purpose-built design, modern essentials, and a community of men redefining what style can look and feel like,” the company wrote in a LinkedIn post. “Emma’s leadership will be a key part of that evolution.”
As for Rabois’ current view, he’s still finding a way to promote the company. In response to comments on X about some of the latest developments, he wrote last month, “Not a failure — 10x focus on what is anomalously great.”
— CNBC’s Ari Levy contributed reporting to this story.