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A new study has found that a single mysterious event about 19 million years ago wiped nearly the entire population of sharks. Scientists behind the new research say that studying the shark teeth buried in deep-sea sediment, revealed that the current diversity among sharks is only a tiny remnant of a much larger variety that existed back then. They say this unidentified major ocean extinction caused the reduction in the shark diversity by over 70 percent and nearly a complete loss in total abundance. The cause of this event remains a mystery, scientists said.

Researchers say that this single event led to the virtual disappearance of sharks from open-ocean sediments, declining in abundance by almost 90 percent. They added that the abrupt extinction was independent of any known global climate event.

According to the research report published in the journal Science, modern shark forms began to diversify within two to five million years after the near extinction, but they represent only a sliver of what sharks once were.

A report in Life Science quoted Elizabeth Sibert, a postdoctoral fellow at Yale University’s Institute for Biospheric Studies and co-author of the study, as saying, “Sharks have been around for 400 million years; they’ve weathered a lot of mass extinctions.”

The study into the ichthyolites, microscopic fossils of shark scales, found in most types of sediments but are tiny and relatively rare when compared to other microfossils, led to the discovery, Sibert told Live Science.

While scientists in the 1970s and ’80s studied ichthyolites, only a few researchers examined them before Sibert, who investigated them for her doctorate, which she completed in 2016. “A lot of what I’ve done in my early career as a scientist was figuring out how to work with these fossils, what kinds of questions we can ask about them,” Sibert said.

For their new study, Sibert and Leah Rubin, a co-author who was an undergraduate student at the College of the Atlantic in Bar Harbor, Maine at the time of the research, studied sediment cores extracted many years ago by deep-sea drilling projects from two different sites: one in the middle of the North Pacific, and the other in the middle of the South Pacific.

“We picked those sites particularly because they are far away from land and they’re far away from any influences of changing ocean circulation or ocean currents,” Sibert said.

Rubin, who is now going to be a doctoral student at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, said that the extreme nature of this decline in the diversity of sharks was the most surprising aspect of the study to them as well. The million-dollar question, Rubin says, is what caused it?

The paper is just the beginning, Sibert says, and hopes it’s going to be a really interesting next decade to figure out more about what happened at the time that caused the extinction among sharks.


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Mysterious Planetary-Mass Objects May Form in Young Star System Clashes

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Mysterious Planetary-Mass Objects May Form in Young Star System Clashes

Free-floating planetary-mass objects have been observed drifting through young star clusters, raising questions about their origins. These objects, with masses around 13 times that of Jupiter, have been identified in large numbers within regions like the Trapezium Cluster in Orion. The discovery of 40 binary planetary-mass objects, referred to as Jupiter-Mass Binary Objects (JuMBOs), has challenged existing theories about their formation. Their presence has led scientists to investigate whether they originate like planets or stars, as neither process can fully explain their characteristics.

Formation Linked to Star System Collisions

According to a study published in Science Advances on February 26, simulations suggest that these objects may form during violent interactions between circumstellar disks surrounding young stars. Deng Hongping of the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory at the Chinese Academy of Sciences told Phys.org that planetary-mass objects do not align with the typical classifications of stars or planets, indicating a distinct formation process linked to young star clusters.

New Insights into Rogue Planetary Objects

As reported, previous theories suggested that free-floating planetary-mass objects were planets ejected from their home systems due to gravitational interactions. However, the discovery of binary JuMBOs contradicts this, as the likelihood of such an event occurring without breaking the pair is low. Alternative explanations, such as them being brown dwarfs, have also been questioned, as binary rates decrease significantly for lower-mass stellar bodies.

Simulations Reveal a Different Mechanism

High-resolution hydrodynamic simulations by the research team demonstrated that circumstellar disk collisions at high speeds could create tidal bridges of gas and dust. These structures collapse into filaments that fragment, forming planetary-mass objects. The study found that 14% of these objects emerge in binary or triplet systems, providing a possible explanation for the large number of JuMBOs observed in Orion.

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Asus VU Air Ionizer Series Monitors With Airborne Dust Reduction and 100Hz Refresh Rate Announced



Vanvaas OTT Release Date: Utkarsh Sharma, Nana Patekar’s Film to Premiere on ZEE5

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New Dark Matter Hypothesis Suggests Ionisation Clue in Milky Way’s Core

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New Dark Matter Hypothesis Suggests Ionisation Clue in Milky Way’s Core

Unusual activity at the centre of the Milky Way has raised new questions about dark matter, potentially pointing to a previously overlooked candidate. Researchers suggest that a lightweight, self-annihilating form of dark matter could be influencing cosmic chemistry in ways that have gone unnoticed. This theory proposes that when two of these dark matter particles collide, they annihilate each other, producing electrons and positrons. The presence of these particles in dense gas regions may explain why the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) contains a significant amount of ionised gas. Scientists argue that this ionisation effect could be an indirect way of detecting dark matter, shifting the focus beyond its gravitational influence.

New Dark Matter Hypothesis

According to a study published in Physical Review Letters, a research team led by Shyam Balaji, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at King’s College London, suggests that dark matter with a mass lower than a proton may be responsible for the high levels of ionisation observed in the CMZ. Speaking to Space.com, Balaji explained that unlike traditional dark matter candidates, which are mainly studied through gravitational interactions, this form of dark matter might be detectable through its impact on the interstellar medium.

Dark Matter and Ionisation

Dark matter is believed to make up 85 percent of the universe’s mass, yet it remains undetectable by conventional methods due to its lack of interaction with light. The research indicates that even if dark matter annihilation is rare, it would be more frequent in galaxy centres where dark matter is expected to be denser. The team suggests that the ionisation observed in the CMZ is too strong to be explained by cosmic rays alone, making dark matter a compelling alternative explanation.

Future Observations and Implications

Balaji highlighted that existing observations do not contradict this hypothesis, and upcoming space missions, including

COSI gamma-ray telescope set to launch in 2027, could provide further evidence. If confirmed, this would open a new avenue for studying dark matter, not just through its gravitational effects but also through its chemical interactions within the galaxy.

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World’s First Modular Quantum Computer Operates at Room Temperature

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World’s First Modular Quantum Computer Operates at Room Temperature

A quantum computer capable of functioning at room temperature has been developed, marking a major advancement in the field. Named Aurora, the system operates using light-based qubits and connects multiple modules through fibre optic cables. This approach aims to address key challenges in quantum computing, including scalability, fault tolerance, and error correction. The technology, designed by Xanadu, a Toronto-based quantum computing company, demonstrates the potential for networked quantum computers that do not require extreme cooling measures.

Photon-Based Quantum Computing at Scale

According to a study published in Nature, Aurora is the first quantum system that operates at scale while being entirely photonic. Traditional quantum computers rely on superconducting qubits that require near-absolute zero temperatures to function effectively. These systems face significant challenges due to heat generation and complex cooling infrastructure. By utilising photonic qubits instead of superconducting ones, Xanadu’s researchers have created a system that integrates seamlessly into existing fibre optic networks.

Networking Smaller Quantum Units

As reported, Christian Weedbrook, CEO and founder of Xanadu, explained that the industry’s primary challenges lie in improving quantum error correction and achieving scalability. The system has been designed with smaller, interconnected modules rather than a single large unit. Speaking to the publication, Darran Milne, CEO of VividQ and an expert in quantum information theory, noted that while dividing a quantum system into multiple components may improve error correction, it has been seen whether this approach will ultimately reduce errors or compound them.

Potential Applications and Future Development

The system integrates 35 photonic chips linked by 13 kilometres of fibre optic cables. Researchers believe this framework could enable large-scale quantum data centres, facilitating applications such as drug discovery simulations and secure quantum cryptography. According to Xanadu, future efforts will focus on minimising optical signal loss in fibre connections to enhance performance.

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