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A rare and exceptionally well-preserved Corinthian helmet, believed to have been used by Greek hoplite warriors, is set to go under the hammer later this month in London. Crafted from bronze and dating back to between 500 and 450 B.C., the helmet showcases the artistry of ancient Greek warfare. Such helmets, designed to cover most of the face while leaving gaps for the eyes and mouth, were widely recognised for their association with the Greek infantry style of combat.
Historical Context and Craftsmanship
According to Apollo Art Auctions, the helmet represents a significant piece of Greek military history, offering insights into the craftsmanship of the era. Ivan Bonchev, the director of the auction house, stated in an email to Live Science that the artefact “possibly links to a Spartan warrior” and provides a rare glimpse into the artistry of ancient Greek armour. The auction house has confirmed that the item is neither stolen nor missing, as verified by the Art Loss Register.
Significance of Corinthian Helmets
Corinthian helmets, named after the city-state of Corinth, were not exclusive to the region. In Arms and Armor of the Greeks by Anthony Snodgrass, it was noted that these helmets were adopted by various city-states, including Sparta and Athens. The helmets were typically decorated with geometric designs or crests made from horse hair. Greek art frequently depicted warriors wearing these helmets tilted back on their heads during moments of rest, a style famously associated with the goddess Athena.
Auction Details
The helmet, expected to fetch between $72,000 and $108,000, highlights the enduring legacy of Greek warfare. Its lack of ear holes suggests it belonged to an early design, prioritising the protection of hoplite warriors during phalanx formations. With its detailed eyeholes and nose guard, the artefact remains an enduring symbol of ancient military ingenuity
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A system capable of transforming carbon dioxide into edible protein has been developed by a group of engineers in China. This innovative dual-reactor system addresses two pressing global concerns: the reduction of carbon emissions and the need for sustainable food production. By converting carbon dioxide from the air into a high-protein product, the technology offers a potential solution for feeding a growing population while combating the environmental challenges posed by greenhouse gases.
How the Dual-Reactor System Works
According to the study published in Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, the system operates in two distinct stages. Microbial electrosynthesis is employed in the first stage to convert carbon dioxide into acetate. This acetate acts as a crucial intermediary, which is then introduced into a secondary reactor. In this phase, aerobic bacteria utilise the acetate to produce single-cell protein suitable for human and animal consumption.
Efficiency and Nutritional Value
The system achieved an efficiency rate of 17.4 g/L of dry cell weight, as reported in the study. The resulting protein boasts a concentration of 74 percent, surpassing the protein levels found in soybean and fish meal. Its high nutritional value makes it a viable alternative for both food and feed.
Cost-Effectiveness and Sustainability
As reported by phys.org, the researchers highlighted the minimal pH adjustments required during the process, which reduces operational complexity and associated costs. Additionally, the system generates less wastewater compared to conventional protein production methods, making it cleaner and more economically sustainable.
Implications for Future Food Security
The research team suggested that this dual-reactor technology could significantly contribute to meeting global food demands. It provides a sustainable approach to producing protein while actively reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, marking a step forward in addressing two critical challenges of the modern era.
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Recent findings have revealed the presence of hundreds of previously obscured supermassive black holes concealed within the vastness of the universe. These colossal entities, often shrouded by thick clouds of gas and dust, were detected using advanced infrared observations. While their existence had long been theorised, the new discoveries offer a deeper understanding of how these celestial phenomena might influence the evolution of galaxies and cosmic structures.
Infrared Observations Reveal Hidden Black Holes
According to a study published in The Astrophysical Journal, researchers utilised data from NASA’s Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) to pinpoint hidden black holes. These tools enabled scientists to peer through the dense gas and dust that obscure visible light emissions. By examining infrared and high-energy X-rays, hundreds of potential black holes were identified, many of which had previously gone unnoticed.
Rethinking Black Hole Visibility
Reports indicate that supermassive black holes, defined as having a mass at least 100,000 times that of the Sun, are believed to exist at the centre of most large galaxies. Prior estimates suggested around 15 percent of these black holes were hidden; however, the latest findings propose that the number may be closer to 35 percent or even higher. Some of these black holes remain undetected due to their orientation or the dense material surrounding them, which blocks visible light.
Implications for Galaxy Formation
As reported by Live Science, astrophysicist Dr. Poshak Gandhi from the University of Southampton remarked that the absence of a supermassive black hole in a galaxy like the Milky Way could result in significantly more stars. This suggests that these entities may play a critical role in regulating star formation.
By combining archival data and advanced technology, scientists are gaining unprecedented insight into the prevalence and impact of hidden black holes. These findings are expected to refine current theories of galactic evolution and provide valuable perspectives on the cosmos.
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