Payday banking outages will happen again but are unlikely to occur tomorrow, according to a banking technology expert.

Online banking failures on the final Friday of the last two months, payday for many, were seen as millions of customers of different institutions were locked out of accounts or unable to send or receive payments.

At the end of January, Barclays experienced problems in branches and online for days, while in February issues – which did not appear to be related – were encountered by Lloyds, Halifax, Nationwide, TSB, Bank of Scotland and First Direct.

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Similar outages “will absolutely happen again”, said Paul Taylor, chief executive of bank technology company Thought Machine, which sells cloud computing solutions to the banking industry.

Given the attention generated by the last two paydays, Mr Taylor said his guess is this Friday will be safe as every bank’s chief information officer is “super aware” of the day and that “it would be devastating for reputation if anything happened”.

The troubles, however, are not unique to the last two paydays but have just been more visible and complained about, Mr Taylor told Sky News.

“My guess is that we’re talking about visibility, not occurrence. I’m aware of bank problems on paydays for many years.”

Through his job, Mr Taylor said he speaks to a major bank every day and counts Lloyds Banking Group as a client.

Why are glitches happening?

These issues will continue to arise as lenders grapple with “creaking infrastructure”, Mr Taylor said.

“The sheer volume of payments can overwhelm the bank, and that’s why it’s particularly susceptible on this [pay] day”.

“The problem that banks have is that the systems are old and the systems are fragile”, he said.

“One problem causes a knock-on effect, and that knock-on effect ripples through the bank, and then the end result is on payday that the payments don’t get made”.

Solving the issue is expensive and time-consuming, he added, even for banks that have enjoyed higher profits in recent years, thanks to elevated interest rates.

Many banks are moving to more modern infrastructure, Mr Taylor said, but it takes time and banks don’t want to get it wrong.

But some are “so entrenched in this legacy technology”, he said.

The UK banks are “not that bad” when compared to international competition and each spend billions on IT every year, Mr Taylor caveated.

Despite this, no banks contacted by Sky News said glitches wouldn’t happen again.

What went wrong on paydays?

And when banks were asked what caused the glitches last payday, none responded with an explanation.

After parts of Barclays were down in January, the phenomenon began being investigated by the influential Treasury Committee of MPs.

As part of this, banks were asked to outline the outages they’ve experienced and why.

In the days before the February payday, nine top UK banks told the committee typical reasons for failures included problems with third-party suppliers, disruption caused by systems changes and internal software malfunctions.

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Those companies had a total of 803 hours of unplanned outages over the last two years, they said, equivalent to 33 days, comprised of 158 individual IT failures.

What have banks said?

TSB and Natwest referred Sky News to the banking lobby group UK Finance, which said it did not know what was behind the past two payday problems.

“The banking industry invests significantly in the resilience of systems and technology,” UK Finance’s managing director of operational resilience David Raw told Sky News.

“The ongoing investment means incidents which cause significant disruption happen very rarely,” he said

“Incidents can be short in duration, but if an issue does arise the bank will always work extremely hard to rectify it as quickly as possible and minimise the customer impact.”

Santander UK said it was not affected by the last two payday outages. “We have robust systems in place to ensure that our services remain operational for customers,” a spokesperson said.

“Since January 2023, our services have been available to customers for 99.9% of the time. When there is a disruption, our priority is to minimise its impact and restore services as quickly as possible and support customers through our alternative channels and ensure that no customer is left out of pocket as a result.”

A spokesperson for HSBC, which also owns First Direct, said: “We continue to invest in our operational resilience to provide the best possible service for our customers”.

“The end of each month brings increased transaction volumes and heightened demand across the banking services industry, and so we plan accordingly – enhancing system capacity as well as limiting non-essential, back-end system changes and updates.”

Nationwide, The Co-operative Bank, Lloyds – who also own the Halifax and Bank of Scotland brands – did not respond to Sky News’s request.

Barclays did not comment.

Lower income households are set to be £500 poorer due to benefit cuts and a weak economic outlook, a thinktank has found.

Living standards are on track to fall over the next five years for the poorest half of households, according to the Resolution Foundation’s analysis of Wednesday’s spring statement.

It said a fall of this scale had only been exceeded historically by the early 1990s recession and the 2008 financial crisis and fallout.

Its analysis was released against the backdrop of a backlash against the chancellor, with Labour MPs among those joining charities in warning that her decision to target welfare spending to bolster the public finances was a mistake.

In its latest assessment of the economy that accompanied her speech, the Office for Budget Responsibility declared that real household disposable income per person was expected to grow from next year to 2029-30, led by stronger wage growth as inflation started to fall.

But the country’s independent fiscal watchdog said a global trade war could reduce economic output by 1%, leaving Rachel Reeves’s small headroom – cash set aside that was created by her spending cuts – at risk of being wiped out for a second time.

She was speaking just hours before Donald Trump revealed plans to target all car imports to the US with 25% tariffs.

Paul Johnson, director of the Institute for Fiscal Studies think-tank, said: “If you are going to have ‘iron-clad’ fiscal rules then leaving yourself next to no headroom against them leaves you at the mercy of events.”

He warned that Ms Reeves could find herself soon at the centre of renewed tax hike speculation ahead of the autumn budget.

Poorest households worst hit

The overall impact of all tax and benefit changes taking effect in this Parliament will reduce the incomes of the second poorest fifth of households by 1.5%, compared to a 0.6% fall for the richest fifth, the foundation found.

The £4.8bn of welfare savings announced by Rachel Reeves will actually result in £8.1bn in cuts, it said.

“After accounting for the £1.9bn boost to the standard rate of universal credit, and the ‘gain’ from not going ahead with scored-but-never-implemented changes to the Work Capability Assessment, cuts to ill-health, disability and carer’s benefits rise to £8.1bn in 2029/30, and will continue to grow over time,” it calculated.

The changes to benefits mean there are “huge holes” in the welfare safety net, and the foundation called for transitional protections to prevent such sharp income shocks.

Ruth Curtice, the chief executive of the Resolution Foundation, said: “High debt servicing costs, weak tax receipts, and the need to reassure jittery markets meant the chancellor had to announce tax rises or spending cuts in her spring statement.

“She chose to focus the bulk of her consolidation on welfare cuts. These cuts have been justified on the basis of getting people into work, but it is questionable how much of a jobs boost they’ll deliver.

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“After all, the bulk of the cuts are to disability benefits which aren’t related to work, and the cuts take effect from 2026, three years before the government’s employment support programme kicks into gear.

“While the OBR’s [Office for Budget Responsibility] outlook for growth today got gloomier, it is far more optimistic about Britain’s medium-term economic prospects.

“The chancellor will hope that reality catches up with the OBR, rather than the OBR falling back to reality, otherwise more tough choices await.”

Ms Curtice added: “The outlook for living standards remains bleak. Britain’s poor economic performance, combined with policies that bear down hardest on those on modest incomes, mean that 10 million working-age households across the bottom half of the income distribution are on track to get £500 a year poorer over the course of the Parliament.”

The Chinese owner of British Steel has rejected a £500m state rescue package in a move which raises fresh doubts about thousands of steel industry jobs.

Sky News has learnt that the offer was made by Jonathan Reynolds, the business secretary, in a letter sent to Jingye Group on Monday.

The proposal – aimed at facilitating the Scunthorpe-based group’s transition to green steel production – follows years of talks aimed at salvaging the future of the UK’s second-biggest producer.

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Sarah Jones, the industry minister, told a committee of MPs on Wednesday afternoon that an offer had been made by the government earlier this week, and it had been rejected by Jingye.

“We are still in talks with them at the moment,” she told the business and trade select committee.

The minister did not disclose the size of the offer, but Whitehall sources confirmed that it was £500m – equivalent to the sum awarded to the larger Tata Steel as part of a £1.25bn package finalised last year.

Government sources said the offer had been calibrated after protracted discussions between ministers, officials and their advisers lasting many months.

However, the £500m package falls well short of the sum that Jingye has been seeking from the government during several rounds of talks since Labour won last summer’s general election.

The Chinese-owned group is thought to have requested £1bn or more from ministers – double the amount handed to Tata Steel, owner of the Port Talbot steelworks in South Wales, last autumn.

The gap between the government’s offer and Jingye’s demands means that thousands of steel jobs could yet be at risk.

British Steel, which was taken over by Jingye in 2020 after a spell in public ownership, employs about 3,500 people at its sites in Scunthorpe, Teesside and elsewhere.

It has been pushing for taxpayer funding to support a transition to green steelmaking by replacing Scunthorpe’s two blast furnaces with cleaner electric arc furnaces.

The rejection of the £500m offer leaves Scunthorpe’s future on a knife edge.

It is unclear whether the government is prepared to increase the amount of money it hands to Jingye, despite Ms Jones’s insistence that discussions are ongoing.

Asked whether British Steel’s blast furnaces would continue operating during negotiations, she said: “Our preference would be for them to keep going; until at the least they have secured the volume of steel imports to keep the mills going.

“Our preference would be that this steel is secured before they close these furnaces.”

Without the injection of funding from government that it had sought, Jingye may argue that its loss-making operations are no longer viable and opt to close the blast furnaces without the financing in place to replace their output.

Reports late last year suggested that nationalisation was an option being explored by ministers.

The government’s proposal comes at a deeply sensitive time for Britain’s steel industry, with fears of swingeing US tariffs exacerbating concerns that the sector’s viability will be put at risk.

Earlier this month, Sharon Graham, general secretary of the Unite union, called on ministers to designate steel as critical national infrastructure: “Our government must act decisively to protect the steel industry and its workers following the announcement of US tariffs.

“This is a matter of national security.

“Given the importance of steel to our economy and our everyday lives it is vital it is designated as critical national infrastructure and rules are introduced to ensure that the public sector always buys UK produced steel.”

Last month, Mr Reynolds published the government’s Plan for Steel consultation, which will include up to £2.5bn in funding for the industry, in line with a commitment in last year’s Labour election manifesto.

“The UK steel industry has a long-term future under this government,” he said.

“Britain is open for business, and this government has committed up to £2.5bn to the future of steel to protect our industrial heartlands, maintain jobs, and drive growth as part of our Plan for Change.”

During the same month, Mr Reynolds held further talks with Jingye Group’s boss, Li Huiming, in the latest chapter of a negotiation which has been dragging on for more than two years.

British Steel was bought by Jingye the year after it was placed into compulsory liquidation.

The company had been owned by private investment firm Greybull Capital.

British Steel declined to comment, while the Department for Business and Trade has been approached for comment on the details of its offer to Jingye.