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NASA’s Hubble Telescope has shared a stunning image of a portion of a large galaxy census known as the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (Goods). It shows a number of galaxies, denoted by sparkling dots scattered on a dark canvas as if a handful of grains are sprinkled on a dark background. The Twitter post wants to talk about how big our universe is. But determining that could be difficult. For any success, we need to first find out how many galaxies are there in the universe. This question has long perplexed scientists. Thanks to the Hubble Deep Field in the mid-1990s, they were able to get the first real insight into the galaxy population.

Subsequent observations such as Hubble’s “Ultra Deep Field” revealed a myriad of faint galaxies and led to an estimate that the observable universe had about 200 billion galaxies. But scientists in 2016 found out that the universe is a lot more crowded. They came to the conclusion that there are at least 10 times more galaxies in the universe than previously thought.

NASA shared the social media post as part of the ‘Deep Field Week”’, a social media event during which images captured by the Hubble Space Telescope are being shared to recall the early studies of the universe and how they evolved through time. Deep field images help us understand the formation and evolution of galaxies.

Coming back to the 2016 study, astronomers also found that the galaxies were not evenly distributed throughout the universe’s history, meaning a significant galaxy evolution dramatically reduced the number of galaxies through mergers between them.

The decreasing number of stars also solved another question that had confused scientists until then – the Olbers’ paradox, relating to the problem of why is the sky dark at night if the luminous stars are distributed evenly throughout an infinite universe.

The scientists involved in the study concluded that the starlight from the galaxies is invisible to the human eyes because of the expansion of space, the universe’s dynamic nature, and the absorption of light by intergalactic dust and gas.

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NASA Europa Clipper Advances Toward Jupiter’s Moon, Instruments Deployed

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November 26, 2024

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NASA Europa Clipper Advances Toward Jupiter’s Moon, Instruments Deployed

NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft, launched on October 14, 2024, is now moving at 35 kilometres per second and has travelled more than 13 million miles from Earth as reported by NASA. Designed for an ambitious mission to study Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa, the spacecraft is expected to arrive in the Jupiter system in 2030. Following its arrival, the mission will embark on a series of 49 close flybys of Europa to gather data on the moon’s subsurface ocean and assess its potential to support life.

Spacecraft’s Instruments Undergo Deployment and Testing

After its deployment from a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket, the Europa Clipper’s vast solar arrays—each stretching the length of a basketball court—were successfully extended, NASA revealed. The magnetometer boom, a 28-foot (8.5-metre) component designed to measure Europa’s magnetic field, was also deployed. This will help scientists examine the depth and salinity of the ocean thought to lie beneath Europa’s icy shell.

Subsequent stages included the deployment of several radar antennas, which will aid in examining Europa’s ice layer. According to Jordan Evans, the Europa Clipper project manager at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in California, the successful deployment of these instruments provides valuable data on the spacecraft’s operational behaviour.

Upcoming Mars Flyby for Gravity Assist

As per the report, a significant phase of the mission is planned for March 1, 2025, when Europa Clipper will use Mars for a gravity assist manoeuvre. The spacecraft will pass by Mars, gaining speed and adjusting its trajectory towards Jupiter. During this flyby, a test operation involving the thermal imager will capture multicoloured images of Mars, while the radar instrument will gather data, ensuring functionality as intended.

Next Steps and Earth Flyby

Another gravity assist with Earth is scheduled for December 2026, further boosting Europa Clipper’s speed as it heads toward Jupiter. The magnetometer will also be recalibrated during this Earth flyby by measuring Earth’s magnetic field.

Europa Clipper’s Science Goals

Europa Clipper is equipped with a suite of instruments for studying Europa’s icy surface and hidden ocean. The primary mission objectives are to investigate the ice thickness, determine its composition, and characterise the moon’s geology, offering insights into Europa’s potential as a habitable world.

Managed by JPL and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Europa Clipper is among NASA’s most ambitious planetary missions, overseen by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate and the Planetary Missions Program Office at Marshall Space Flight Center.

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Brazilian Flowers Employ Pollen Catapults to Dominate Pollination Battles

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November 26, 2024

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Brazilian Flowers Employ Pollen Catapults to Dominate Pollination Battles

Flowers of Hypenia macrantha, a species native to Brazil, have been observed using unique mechanisms to outcompete rivals during pollination. According to research, these blooms utilise a pollen “catapult” system to increase the chances of successful pollination. The strategy involves launching their pollen in a burst to displace rival pollen from the beaks of visiting hummingbirds, enhancing their reproductive success.

Pollination Strategy Observed in Brazilian Flowers

The flowers exhibit both male and female reproductive stages, switching roles to avoid self-pollination. During their male phase, pollen is produced and stored under petal-covered compartments. When a hummingbird probes the flower for nectar, a trigger mechanism is activated, launching the stored pollen forcefully. This process was studied using hummingbird skulls coated with fluorescent particles to simulate natural conditions, as per a ScienceNewsExplores report.

High-speed footage of the experiment demonstrated that the pollen launch effectively removed rival pollen from the simulated beak, replacing it with the flower’s own. Researchers found that beaks lost significantly more pollen when entering flowers still in their male phase compared to those that had already discharged their pollen.

Bruce Anderson, an evolutionary ecologist at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, told Science News that this mechanism appears to allocate pollen for two distinct purposes: reproduction and competitive displacement.

A Mechanism of Floral Competition

Rebecca Burch, an evolutionary biologist at the State University of New York at Oswego, has noted parallels between plant and animal reproductive competition. In comments reported by the research team on the Science News, she highlighted that plants exhibit dynamic behaviours often underestimated in ecological studies.

Further research is planned to examine whether this explosive pollen delivery translates into increased seed production. As reported, these findings contribute to understanding how plants evolve strategies to enhance reproductive success in competitive environments.

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Scientists Spot Record-Breaking Cosmic Ray Electrons Near Earth

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10 hours ago

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November 26, 2024

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Scientists Spot Record-Breaking Cosmic Ray Electrons Near Earth

After over a decade of research, the H.E.S.S. Observatory in Namibia has recorded the most energetic cosmic ray electrons ever detected, according to reports. These high-energy particles, comprising electrons and positrons, are believed to originate from intense cosmic phenomena such as supernova explosions, neutron stars, and black holes. The discovery suggests that the sources of these particles are likely to be within a few hundred light-years of the solar system.

High-Energy Electron Detection Challenges

The study, as per a Space.com report, highlights that these findings shed light on extreme cosmic processes. Dr Mathieu de Naurois, Deputy Director of the H.E.S.S. collaboration and a researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, stated that understanding these cosmic rays allows us to unveil big particle accelerators in the universe that are often associated with the most violent phenomena.

The research indicates that detecting these particles is particularly challenging due to their rarity and the difficulty in distinguishing them from other cosmic rays. Reports state that the H.E.S.S. Observatory utilised a vast telescope array designed to capture Cherenkov radiation, a phenomenon occurring when high-energy particles collide with Earth’s atmosphere. This innovative approach enabled the detection of electrons with energy levels surpassing several teraelectronvolts, which exceed the capabilities of Earth-based particle accelerators.

Nearby Cosmic Accelerators

According to the study, the team identified a sharp energy spectrum break at 1 TeV, indicating rapid energy loss by electrons within the Milky Way. Dr Mathieu de Naurois told Space.com that this points to nearby sources, possibly involving supernova remnants or pulsars. The analysis suggests that these phenomena serve as powerful particle accelerators, producing the highest-energy electrons ever observed.

The findings provide crucial data for understanding cosmic rays and will serve as a benchmark for future studies, as noted by researchers involved in the project. This discovery adds to ongoing efforts to explore the universe’s most energetic processes and their implications.

For the latest tech news and reviews, follow Gadgets 360 on X, Facebook, WhatsApp, Threads and Google News. For the latest videos on gadgets and tech, subscribe to our YouTube channel. If you want to know everything about top influencers, follow our in-house Who’sThat360 on Instagram and YouTube.


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