So often in recent years, baseballs have been the subject of controversy. How tightly are they wound? What is the height of their seams? What’s inside them that might determine how far they fly? What has been slathered onto them that might impact how slick they are?

In that sense, the sudden furor over so-called torpedo bats is refreshing. At least, for once, we’re arguing and conspiracy-theorizing about a different piece of equipment.

But torpedo bats are simply an iteration in the art of bat-making, a practice that has been evolving since the day some long-gone hominid first swatted at a round stone with a stick they found lying on the ground.

In that spirit, let’s take a moment to consider the turning-point moments in baseball bat history — an abridged guide to how we got from sticks to torpedoes.

Wee Willie, wood wars and the wild west of bat experiments

From the beginning, the partnership between players and their bats have been personal affairs, with everything from length to weight to wood preference coming under scrutiny. While the points of emphasis in the game have changed, the choice of bat has always depended on the size of the hitter, the shape of his swing and the kind of batsman he wants to be.

During the early days of baseball, regulations were few and far between and there was a lot of experimentation with the stick. During the late 1880s and early 1890s, some hitters used a flat-faced bat that was supposed to help with bunting but looked more suitable for hammering nails.

Bats were heavier in those days. The style of knob varied, from a ball-shaped knob, a mushroom knob to a barely-there knob at the end of bat handles that were much thicker than the ones we see now. Future Hall of Famer Nap Lajoie used a bat that had two knobs, which seemed to work fine considering he ended with 3,243 career hits, five batting titles and a modern-era record .426 batting average in 1901.

Like many hitters of his time, Ty Cobb swung a heavy bat (40 ounces until late in his career; bats today weigh between 30 and 33 ounces), and he gripped it with his hands apart to maximize control. That was the dominant theme of the era: The ability to control the bat while slapping at the ball, or bunting, was far more important than bat speed. Perhaps the avatar for that kind of baseball was Wee Willie Keeler, the guy who said, “Keep your eye on the ball and hit ’em where they ain’t.” Keeler, who stood 5-foot-5, slapped the ball around with what was basically an oversized baton.

Keeler’s bats measured 30½ to 31 inches in length (bats are now typically 33 or 34 inches), with varying weights up to 46 ounces. Such a thing would look comical in today’s game. Keeler flourished with his small body and heavy bat, hitting .341 over a long career. Power was simply not the aim for Wee Willie, and only 33 of his 2,932 career hits were homers — an estimated 30 of which were of the inside-the-park variety.

Even after specifications on what was allowed were codified, there remained plenty of experimentation. A famous take on bat shape was that of Heinie Groh, an on-base machine for the Giants and Reds in the early 20th century. His “bottle bat” had a long, thick barrel and thin handle. It looked like something more apt for cricket than baseball. Groh’s teammate, Hall of Famer Edd Roush, used a 48-ounce stick.

There was also a long-standing competition in wood sources, with hickory rivaling ash for supremacy. Cobb used a bat made out of what he claimed was black ash, but was probably just white ash. Perhaps the most famous bat in history was Shoeless Joe Jackson’s “Black Betsy,” a massive 36-inch, 39-ounce stick Jackson used his entire career. It was made out of a hickory tree from South Carolina, his native state.

Hickory has fallen completely out of favor, and, considering the rise in importance of power and bat speed over the decades, it’s not hard to understand why. According to Steven Bratkovich, author of “The Baseball Bat: From Trees to the Major Leagues, 19th Century to Today”, Roger Maris used a 33-ounce ash bat when he broke Babe Ruth’s home run record in 1961. If he had used a hickory bat of the same dimensions, it would have weighed 42 ounces.

The invention of The Louisville Slugger

The origin story of the Hillerich & Bradsby Co., at least the bat-making portion of it, traces back to a seminal spring day in 1884. As with most of baseball’s storied past, details of the story have been questioned — even the Louisville Slugger Museum refers to it as “company legend” — but if it’s not exactly true, it ought to be.

One of the great hitters of the day, Pete Browning, had a frustrating day at the plate during a home game in Louisville and seemed to be especially irked by a bat that had broken. In the stands was 17-year-old Bud Hillerich, son of a local woodworker and an apprentice in the craft. Browning, having heard of Hillerich’s skills, asked the teenager whether he could help. Hillerich could, and the next day Browning rang out three hits with the custom-made bat Hillerich constructed for him out of Northern White Ash.

Browning went on to win two battling titles after that day, adding the nickname “the Louisville Slugger” to his existing moniker “Gladiator.” The ramp-up was a bit slow, but by 1894, the company had trademarked “Louisville Slugger” and the bat business was swinging away.

Three years later, Honus Wagner’s big league career began with the Louisville Colonels. Just after the turn of the century, when he had become one the game’s first true superstars with the Pittsburgh Pirates, he also became what is believed to be the first athlete to endorse athletic gear when he signed on as a pitch man for the Louisville Slugger. His autograph began appearing in the wood of the bat itself — the beginning of that long-common practice.

For 100 years or more, the Louisville Slugger reigned supreme as the bat of choice in the majors. The Slugger remains a popular choice, but in recent years, it has had to make room for batmakers such as Victus and Marucci atop the leaderboard.

The Babe’s thin-handled stick helps change baseball forever

Baseball writer and historian Bill James has often pointed to the continual thinning of the bat handle as a key driver of the game’s shift from an emphasis on bat control to one of bat speed. This evolution began in the early 1920s and, yes, it exploded when Ruth clubbed an unthinkable 54 homers in 1920, turning the dead ball era on its ear.

Ruth swung heavy bats — it’s one of the things for which he’s most well known. They tended to weigh at least 44 ounces and as heavy as 50, though it’s not believed he used the latter much during the regular season. But the handles were thin, allowing him to lash the bat around on the pitchers of his day. There was no one factor that led to the game’s transformation to a power-based sport, but the proliferation of thin handle bats in the wake of the Ruth phenomenon was certainly a contributor.

Incidentally, Ruth modeled the bat shape after that of another Hall of Famer, Rogers Hornsby, who didn’t use as heavy a stick but favored thin handles, recognizing their value in getting the bat head through the zone more quickly than was possible with thicker handles. Through 1920, Hornsby was already a .328 career hitter but had just 36 career homers in 2,903 plate appearances. During the next nine seasons, he hit .384 with 241 homers.

Other players, including The Babe, tend to notice such things.

Teddy Ballgame’s baked bats

If you had to anoint one player as the Albert Einstein of hitting, it would be Ted Williams. Williams had a theory of everything, as long as it pertained to hitting, and there was no detail too small. Naturally, this included his bats.

The story goes that while Williams was still in the minors, using a fairly standard-for-the-time 35-ounce bat, he borrowed a lighter stick from a teammate named Stan Spence. He used it to club a home run to center field and immediately knew that, for him, the lighter bat was the way to go. Initially, when Williams tried to order a lighter-weight model, Hillerich and Bradsby tried to talk him out of it. But you couldn’t really talk Teddy Ballgame out of anything.

A few years later, around 1948, a young Red Sox fan named David Pressman — who must have been a spiritual descendant of Bud Hillerich — noticed that, one night, after he had left a bat outside overnight in some dew-covered grass, it felt heavier. When he weighed it, sure enough, it had gained about two ounces. Assuming it had absorbed some moisture, he put the bat into a coal oven and — voila! — it was back to normal.

The story was recounted in Ben Bradlee Jr.’s “The Kid.” The excited Pressman managed to get this information to Williams, his favorite player, who invited him to Fenway Park for a chat. Pressman told him what he had found, and Williams listened. They settled on a system of using clothes dryers in the Boston Red Sox clubhouse to heat up and dry out Williams’ bats, and Williams used scales to monitor the weight of his weapons of choice from there on out.

This system of heating up his bats continued during the rest of Williams’ Hall of Fame career, during which he hit .336 with 299 homers — beginning with his age-30 season. Williams and Pressman remained friends and associates for the rest of Teddy Ballgame’s life. But Williams insisted Pressman keep the bat-heating ploy a secret until his passing.

However, Williams did ask Pressman to explain the theory of bat-heating one time to Joe DiMaggio. DiMaggio, according to Pressman, looked unconvinced and simply walked away.

Superballs, pine tar — and an MLB ‘Mission: Impossible’

Cheating has a long, inglorious history in baseball, and when it comes to bats, there have been plenty of shenanigans and intrigue. DiMaggio used a bat named “Betsy Ann” during his 56-game hitting streak in 1941. The bat was stolen in the midst of his spree between games of a doubleheader. Despite his despair over losing Betsy Ann, DiMaggio kept his streak alive. Then she returned, arriving a week later in a plain brown package delivered by a courier. It turned out that the thief, a guy from Newark, had bragged about his prize to the wrong people.

One famous incident was the George Brett pine tar episode from 1983, though despite the rule on the books about the substance, it has never really been explained why having extra pine tar on a bat, while messy, would give a hitter any kind of edge.

Numerous players have been rumored to have used corked bats, which seemed to be most prominent from the 1970s through the early 2000s. The goal was simply to lessen the weight of the bat in the never-ending pursuit of bat speed.

There are all sorts of things you can stuff into a bat. On Sept. 7, 1974, Yankees star Graig Nettles homered against the Tigers. His next time up, Nettles stroked a single but broke his bat in the process. While Nettles ran to first, Detroit catcher Bill Freehan was busy chasing the six Superballs that had come tumbling out of Nettles’ bat.

Nettles explained that the bat had been a gift from a fan and, apparently, the powers-that-be bought his story. Nettles wasn’t suspended.

In another famous incident, a suspension was handed out. During a game at Chicago’s Comiskey Park in 1994, White Sox manager Gene Lamont challenged Albert Belle’s use of a bat, and it was confiscated by the umpiring crew for later investigation.

Meanwhile, the rest of the game played out. Cleveland reliever Jason Grimsley crawled through the ceiling from the visiting clubhouse to the umpire’s room and swapped Belle’s bat out for one belonging to Paul Sorrento, leaving behind chunks of ceiling tile and mangled metal. The umpires were not fooled, and Belle was suspended seven games.

An even longer suspension was doled out to Sammy Sosa in 2003, when his bat shattered during a game and revealed the cork that was within. Sosa claimed he picked up the bat by mistake. He did not get the same benefit of the doubt that Nettles did.

Barry, Barry good wood

Barry Bonds hit 73 home runs in 2001. It’s a record. No, really, you can look it up.

There has been so much clamor about Bonds’ training methods over the years that his place in bat evolution tends to be overlooked. When Bonds set that record, he swung bats made out of maple, not ash.

ESPN wrote about this at the time. Bonds said then, “I tried it and I liked it. Ash wood is a softer wood that has a tendency to split and crack easier. Maple gives you the opportunity that if you feel comfortable with it, you’ve got a chance of keeping it for a while.”

It seemed to work out for him. Bonds wasn’t the first player to use a maple bat, but many others followed his example once his historic numbers attracted unprecedented attention.

A few years later, after the use of maple bats spread, it became a source of concern. While maple bats were harder to break than bats made out of other wood, including ash, when they did come apart, they tended to shatter. This would send dangerous shards of wood flying through the air around the field. People got hurt. Since then, after some MLB-led investigations into maple bats, the manufacturing processes evolved and the rate of broken bats has improved.

In the years since Bonds largely sparked their proliferation, maple bats raced past ash as the wood of choice in the big league. The trend was accelerated by blight — a massive infestation of invasive beetles wreaked havoc on the ash trees that companies such as Hillerich & Bradsby so long relied upon. More than three years ago, The Athletic profiled this sea change in the industry, describing Joey Votto as the last of the ash bat advocates. Votto, of course, has since retired.

Even so, more than 150 years since the advent of major league baseball, the source of wood for bats is not a settled, consensus part of the game. Birch is used in some bat models, and bamboo is often cited as a possible competitor. How long before someone tries to bring back hickory?

The only constant is change.

Synthetic sticks

In 2022, commissioner Rob Manfred announced that baseball would be experimenting with aluminum bats in hopes of introducing them for regular-season use in the middle of that campaign.

Except he didn’t — because that story making the rounds three years ago was an April Fools Day concoction, one that has cropped up around that date a few times. But this hoax underscores why it’s outlandish to even ponder metal bats rising from Little League and college ball up to the majors. Pitchers might have to wear Kevlar on the mound. Still, while aluminum bats aren’t coming to MLB, James wrote about the profound impact the advent of metal bats at other levels of the game has had in the big leagues in “The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract.”

In a nutshell, James wrote that it was once dogma that a hitter couldn’t prosper by crowding the plate and trying to drive outside pitches to the opposite field, the likely outcome being a stream of ground outs to middle infielders. But then aluminum sticks showed up and amateur batters found they were able to drive outside pitches just fine. Soon, advanced hitters learned that the same approach worked once they made the switch to wood.

Now, it’s no longer considered strange to see a hitter trying to drive the ball, in the air, to the opposite field. (See: Aaron Judge.) There’s more to it than the rise of the aluminum bat, but the kind of stick a player uses as a kid impacts what they do when they swing wood bats when they reach the big time.

The bat, er, beat goes on

The appearance of the torpedo bat is noteworthy, but the only thing novel about it is that it took so long for someone to think of it. There have been flat bats and round bats. Thin handles, thick handles, V-handles (a Don Mattingly innovation) and axe handles. Heavy bats, heavier bats and light bats. Short bats and long bats. The bat is always changing, and always has.

Twenty-five years ago, the rise of maple seemed like a revolution. Thirty years before that, it was the sudden appearance of cupped bats, a style in which the end of the bat is hollowed out. The origin story of those is another murky area, but it appears that while you could get cupped bats in America as early as the late 1890s, they first became much more popular in Japan’s professional leagues. In the late 1960s, onetime Cubs outfielder George Altman played in Japan after his career in the majors wound down, then brought some of the cupped bats back with him, where they attracted the attention of outfielder Jose Cardenal. (Or possibly Lou Brock, and Cardenal saw Brock with them.) The use of cupped bats had been sporadic but spread quickly, and the bats are now ubiquitous.

With companies such as Victus offering painted bats and other modes of aesthetic customization, including the popular pencil bats, bats have become as much about personal expression as they are about productivity. This is on full display on Players Weekend, when players and those who supply their bats can let their creativity fly. While these innovations might not have much competitive impact, they add color and flavor to the old game.

Torpedo bats are just the latest entrant on this ongoing continuum. They are the product of a collaboration between data science, bat manufacturers and each individual player. Just as bats have long been made to spec depending on a player’s swing and proclivities, so too is the torpedo bat.

For now, we can’t declare one way or another whether the advent of the torpedo bat is going to change the game, but it probably won’t. As we collect the data, chances are any tangible effect the bat might have will be subsumed by a thousand other factors that produce the game’s statistics. Perhaps we wouldn’t even be discussing this if Yankees announcer Michael Kay had not pointed out that New York was using these newfangled bats during a historic game in which the team ultimately went deep nine times against the Milwaukee Brewers.

Torpedo bats won’t work for everyone, but for some they will. Will they change the game? Whether they’re here to stay or another passing fad, they’re part of a sport that is constantly evolving — and will continue to do so.

A FaceTime call came in last Monday morning to Freddie Vargas, CEO of Tater Baseball.

On the other end: New York Mets outfielder Starling Marte. Like everyone around baseball, Marte had seen the New York Yankees score 36 runs and bash 15 home runs in a three-game sweep of the Milwaukee Brewers, with five of the Yankees’ regulars using bats shaped like bowling pins that immediately caught the attention of fans, announcers and other players.

Marte, who has used Tater bats since 2018, was one of many MLB players who inquired about the bat — now known as a torpedo bat — as the craze took baseball by storm. He wanted to place an order with Tater for some new torpedo bats to use (at least initially) in batting practice.

“Well, they’re trending right now,” Marte said this weekend. “Let’s see what happens when I use it. I have to give it a try.”

Freddie and his younger brother Jeremiah, who started Tater Baseball in 2015 along with their father, Fred Sr., had Marte text them a data plot of his contact points on his barrel. They design the specifications for a new torpedo bat that would best suit Marte — a process similar to creating a traditional bat. By the end of the day, four new bats were ready to be shipped to Citi Field, awaiting Marte when the Mets returned home from their series in Miami.

Torpedo-shaped bats are not new for Tater Baseball, a small family business operating out of an industrial park in Cheshire, Connecticut. The brothers played baseball growing up and eventually both played in college, but Jeremiah was still a senior in high school when the family had the idea to develop a training bat. Freddie became CEO/Founder with Jeremiah as Co-Founder and COO.

Training bats are usually a little lighter, helping a player develop bat speed while focusing on the sweet spot of the barrel, and can be used for tee work, soft toss or batting practice. Fred Sr. had an engineering background — he still works for a plastics molding company, helping at Tater mostly on weekends — but none had woodworking experience. They ventured into business anyway.

“I told them, ‘We’re not going to do it half-ass,'” Fred Sr. said. “What’s going to differentiate us?”

They started with four models, making premium bats by hand in a shed in their backyard and focusing on the training bats. One of their early models in 2015 was a torpedo-shaped game bat — but it was for softball, not baseball. Three months later, they purchased their first CNC lathe, a sophisticated machine that uses computer-controlled automation to create the desired shape of the bat (the company is now on its second one).

Operations soon moved to the garage and eventually the shop in Cheshire — and Tater is up to 800 or 900 models. The front is a retail store, selling not just the various training bats and game models for baseball and softball, but other equipment with the Tater logo — batting gloves, sliding mitts, fielding gloves, apparel and foam balls also used for training.

Jeremiah laid out a bunch of bats on a table. He pointed to one.

“We make what we call an underload trainer that is shaped like a torpedo. It’s really for sweet-spot training, but also to train underload for bat speed,” he said. “It mimics the torpedo shape, so we enlarge the sweet spot here, taper it off at the end so players have a visual representation of where to hit the ball. Players wanted a sweet spot where they typically impact it, and that’s what we kind of came up with.”

Tater made its first underload trainer in 2018 and started shifting to the torpedo style around 2021 — and it has become the company staple since it was introduced. Jeremiah said 22 of the 30 major league teams use their training bats at the major league level and several others use them across their minor league organizations, with the company working with players or minor league hitting coordinators and major league hitting coaches.

The world of major league game bats is a competitive field to break into — Freddie referred to it as “cutthroat.” MLB must approve any bat-making company and though 41 companies have been approved, Marucci and Victus dominate the market with an estimated 60% of the bats used in the majors — and Marucci owns Victus. Only a handful of companies sell even more than a few dozen bats to major leaguers, according to Freddie. Tater broke into the majors in 2018.

Jeremiah estimated that Tater ranked about seventh or eighth last season, with Marte and Los Angeles Dodgers outfielder Teoscar Hernandez their most prominent players. Others using Tater bats include Chicago White Sox infielder Brooks Baldwin, plus Travis Bazzana, the top pick in the 2024 MLB draft, and Nick Kurtz, the Athletics’ first-round pick last summer. Freddie said about 150 professional players are using Tater game bats at least part of the time.

Marte holds a special place for the Vargas family, however. He was their first major league client, coming to Tater via a stroke of good fortune. A family friend named Ruben Sosa, who used Tater bats, was a teammate of Marte’s in the Dominican Winter League in December 2017. Jeremiah tells the story: “Marte was in a little bit of a slump, picked up Sosa’s bat, got a couple hits, and then here we are.” Marte has been using Tater bats ever since.

Gregory Polanco, Yan Gomes and Carlos Correa joined Marte as early clients.

“Really, it was just bootstrapped word of mouth and making a good product and providing a good service,” Jeremiah said. “We like to say we have a relentless pursuit on making the best bat in the game.”

The brothers are friendly and clearly love talking baseball and baseball bats — everything from grain deviation and max barrel diameter to discussing what kind of bat to use in specific situations.

“I love seeing the evolution of baseball bats,” Jeremiah said. “It’s great to see it being used in games and see the transition to help hitters be a little more competitive at the plate or give them a little bit more of an edge.”

The process of making a torpedo bat is no different from a regular bat.

After Marte sent in his contact data, an analysis was made on a shape best suited for him. This is the most time-consuming part of the process. The overlay of Marte’s traditional bat compared with his new torpedo bat showed the traditional bat had a sweet spot 22.4 inches from the knob, while the torpedo bat had a sweet spot 21.8 inches from it.

“A small difference, but a big difference,” Fred Sr. said.

With the sweet spot closer to the hitter’s hands, the bat will have less flex — which means it will lead to a little better contact on balls hit closer to the hands. This was the reason some of the Yankees players, like Anthony Volpe, made the change to the torpedo shape, with data showing his sweet spot was closer to his hands.

“We recommend players to use a little bit of a heavier game bat weight for their torpedo compared to the regular bat,” Jeremiah said. “The reason being, when you do fatten out the barrel slightly at the sweet spot, it changes the density a little bit. The easiest way to describe it is more density, more pop; less density, less pop.”

Marte typically uses a 33.5-inch, 30.5-ounce bat. After a conversion to lock in the specifics, it was decided that his torpedo bat would be an ounce heavier at 31.5 ounces and the process of physically making the bat began.

The wood — birch or maple — is sourced from Canada, where the colder weather makes the wood fibers harder. Yes, tariffs could lead to increased costs.

“Tariff-based wood is a tricky game right now that we’re navigating,” Jeremiah said, adding that they’re seeing a 25% increase in raw material costs aside from tariffs, not including freight costs to ship it across the border.

The wood is delivered in precut, cylindrical slabs that are about the length of a bat. Each slab is weighed and marked (the more dense, the more performance on impact). Then, it goes to the lathe. You might envision a craftsman with decades of experience at work, but Kyle Green, who works the machine, is 20 years old and has been working at Tater since he was 16.

After the bat is cut on the lathe, it is hand-sanded, which takes about two minutes, and then cupped, the end hollowed out (a maximum of an inch and a quarter). The process takes about six minutes — on a busy day, Tater might make around 150 bats. Finally, the bats are painted with a special lacquer. There are rules here as well, Jeremiah explained, as MLB approves only certain colors for game bats.

Players, of course, love to show off a little swag whenever they can, so Tater has designed unique colors to use in batting practice. They created a glacier-colored bat for Marte and also made a special design for Hernandez to use in last year’s Home Run Derby.

Hernandez’s nickname is “Mr. Seeds,” so they replicated the David sunflower seeds logo, but replaced David with Tater, and instead of saying America’s favorite seed brand, it said Teoscar’s favorite seed brand. Because the Tater name appeared twice on the bat, however, an MLB official prevented Hernandez from using it.

When Hernandez used the bat in the All-Star Game, Freddie said MLB fined the company “a couple hundred dollars.”

For now, the Tater Baseball crew will continue to work 12- and 13-hour days, as Freddie and Jeremiah field calls about torpedo bats and churn them out for all their clients, just like they did for Marte.

“My gut tells me that there will be a place for torpedo bats and there will still be a place for regular game bats,” Jeremiah said. “But I think there’s going to be a significant uptick in the guys using the torpedo bats.”

MINNEAPOLIS — The Minnesota Twins placed pitcher Pablo López on the 15-day injured list Friday with a strained right hamstring.

The move is retroactive to Wednesday, a day after López was removed from his start against Kansas City following 4⅔ innings because of the injury. López is 1-1 with a 1.62 ERA in three starts this season.

The Twins replaced him on the roster by recalling right-hander David Festa from Triple-A St. Paul. Festa, who will start for Minnesota on Friday night against Detroit, is 1-1 with a 5.40 ERA in two minor league starts this season.

Festa appeared in 14 games for the Twins last season, 13 of them starts, going 2-6 with a 4.90 ERA and 77 strikeouts in 64⅓ innings.