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By Neha Mathur Jan 26 2024 Reviewed by Lily Ramsey, LLM

In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis published in The Lancet Public Health, researchers assessed the effect of education on all-cause mortality risk in adults on a global scale.

Study:  Effects of education on adult mortality: a global systematic review and meta-analysis . Image Credit: Drazen Zigic/Shutterstock.com Background

There is a link between increased schooling and better health; however, studies have not estimated the magnitude of this relationship globally.

It is one of the most crucial health determinants, besides technological progress, access to quality healthcare, clean water and sanitation, and labor rights. Besides health, education drives socioeconomic empowerment across all genders.

Thus, the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4.1 & 4.3, adopted in 2015, specifically ensure primary and secondary education for children and tertiary education for adults.

Education of adults, especially maternal education, has been shown to reduce mortality in children aged ≤5 by 3% and parental education by 1.6%. About the study

Researchers thoroughly searched seven databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, to name a few, and identified all research publications assessing all-cause mortality as an outcome and years of schooling as an independent variable. They retrieved all papers from January 1, 1980 to June 16, 2023.

Two teams of reviewers then assessed these studies for individual-level data on education and mortality.

One person extracted data into a standard template derived from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD).  Related StoriesSignificant link found between recent weight loss and increased cancer riskLow back pain? Theres good and bad newsNon-communicable diseases and external causes of death are major contributors to the risk of mortality in people with OCD

Next, they implemented mixed-effects meta-regression models to address between-study heterogeneity, adjusting for study-level covariates, including age, sex, and marital status, and reporting uncertainty in its estimation. They also generated funnel plots to assess publication or reporting bias. Results

This systematic review was the most comprehensive qualitative synthesis of articles with individual-level data, not restricted to any country or period; additionally, it exceeded the scale of previous research on educational attainment and mortality.

The authors identified 17,094 unique papers, of which 603 met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the analysis. These papers covered 10,355 observations from 59 countries.

The observed relationship of all-cause adult mortality with education was dose-dependent, with an average reduction in mortality risk of 1·9% per additional year of schooling.

On average, an adult with 12 years of schooling was at 24·5% lowered risk of mortality than an adult who never went to school.

This effect was greater in younger people than in older adults. Accordingly, the average reduction in mortality risk related to an additional year of education for adults aged 18–49 years and 70+ was 2.9% and 0.8%, respectively.

However, educational inequalities in mortality were persistent across the entire lifespan, and this pattern remained the same across birth cohorts and periods.

The protective effect of educational attainment on all-cause adult mortality by gender or Socio-demographic Index level did not vary; however, this observation requires further investigation. 

On the other hand, the effects of education on mortality risk are comparable to other high-impact social determinants, underscoring the benefits of increased investment in education on future population health.

For example, the risk of all-cause mortality for an adult with no education compared with 18 years of education is similar to a person who currently smokes (5 pack-years) compared to a nonsmoker (RR ~1·52), underscoring the crucial importance of increased and equitable educational attainment as a global health goal.  Conclusions

This study adds to the limited body of scientific work on inequitable adult all-cause mortality globally, further corroborating previous evidence that low education is a risk factor for adult mortality.

In this study, the protective effect of higher education on mortality was stable and did not weaken in economic contexts or with age, gender, and over time. 

Thus, increasing years of schooling can help counteract growing disparities in adult mortality rates.

Continued investments in educational institutions worldwide are the need of the hour and should be viewed as investments in future public health. Journal reference:

IHME-CHAIN Collaborators*, Effects of education on adult mortality: a global systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Public Health, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2468-2667(23)00306-7. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(23)00306-7/fulltext

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Biden delivers election-year roasting for Trump but ignores anti-war protesters outside

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Biden delivers election-year roasting for Trump but ignores anti-war protesters outside

US President Joe Biden has delivered an election-year roasting of his rival Donald Trump, criticising his immaturity.

Speaking at the annual White House Correspondents’ Association dinner on Saturday night, the 81-year-old responded to concerns that he is too old for a second presidential term.

“Yes, age is an issue – I’m a grown man running against a six-year-old,” he said, referring to his 77-year-old Republican opponent.

But in a more serious moment, the president told the gathered reporters: “I’m sincerely not asking you to take sides.

“I’m asking you to rise up to the seriousness of the moment.

“Move past the horse race numbers and the gotcha moments and the distractions, the sideshows that have come to dominate and sensationalise our politics, and focus on what’s actually at stake.”

Mr Biden did not acknowledge the hundreds of demonstrators standing outside the event calling for an end to US support of Israel.

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Earlier, he had arrived at the venue through a back entrance, avoiding most of the protesters.

People demonstrate in support of Palestinians in Gaza, during a protest near the annual White House Correspondents’ Association (WHCA) Dinner in Washington, U.S., April 27, 2024. REUTERS/Nathan Howard
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Pic: Reuters

Outside the main entrance, some shouted “Shame on you!”, running after well-dressed attendees as they hurried inside for the dinner.

Some chanted accusations that US journalists are not paying enough attention to the war and are misrepresenting it, shouting: “Western media, we see you and all the horrors that you hide”.

They were not alone – more than two dozen journalists in Gaza wrote a letter last week calling on their US-based colleagues to boycott the dinner.

The letter said: “The toll exacted on us for merely fulfilling our journalistic duties is staggering.

“We are subjected to detentions, interrogations and torture by the Israeli military – all for the ‘crime’ of journalistic integrity.”

Read more:
Hamas releases video of hostages as efforts to broker a ceasefire in Gaza continue
British troops delivering aid in Gaza ‘an option’
Student anti-Israel protests continue to sweep the US, with almost 550 arrests

Israel declared war on Hamas and launched an air and ground offensive in Gaza in response to the attack on southern Israel on 7 October, when Hamas killed about 1,200 people in Israel and took another 250 hostages.

More than half of Gaza’s 2.3 million people have sought refuge in Rafah, where Israel has conducted near-daily raids as it prepares for a possible offensive in the city.

More than 34,000 Palestinians have been killed during the Israel-Hamas war, according to the Hamas-run Gaza health ministry.

At the beginning of April, Reporters Without Borders said more than 105 journalists had been killed in the area since 7 October, with at least 22 of them killed in the course of their work.

The protests outside the correspondents’ dinner come as a protest movement sweeps across US universities – a growing revolt within a demographic Mr Biden will need to beat Mr Trump.

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Sports

Matthews (ill) held out of 3rd as reeling Leafs lose

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Matthews (ill) held out of 3rd as reeling Leafs lose

TORONTO — Star center Auston Matthews did not finish Saturday night’s Game 4 because of an illness, as the Toronto Maple Leafs fell 3-1 to the Boston Bruins.

Toronto now finds itself on the brink of elimination in its first-round playoff series, with a must-win Game 5 on Tuesday in Boston.

Coach Sheldon Keefe previously confirmed Matthews played through an illness in Game 3, and Matthews had been absent from multiple team sessions while recovering. It was more of the same in Game 4 when Matthews logged 14:16 in ice time before not returning after the second intermission.

“It is all related to the illness he’s dealing with,” Keefe said, responding to a reporter’s question on why Matthews didn’t return for the third period. “The doctors pulled him.”

Matthews was Toronto’s hero in Game 2, scoring the game-winning goal and notching two assists to lift the Maple Leafs to a 3-2 victory.

It was the Bruins again taking it to Toronto early Saturday. Boston jumped out to a 1-0 lead off James van Riemsdyk‘s opening goal to enter the second period ahead 1-0, and it quickly added to its lead with a power-play goal from Brad Marchand. David Pastrnak collected another with 41 seconds left in the middle frame to afford Boston a 3-0 advantage going into the third.

Toronto has now lost six straight playoff games at home, a streak dating to the 1970s, and has been outscored 21-11 in that stretch of home contests. The Leafs have also scored three or fewer goals in 11 consecutive postseason tilts to date.

Emotions were visibly boiling over for Toronto on the bench in Saturday’s loss, with cameras capturing Matthews, Mitch Marner and William Nylander — back in the lineup after missing the series’ first three games with an undisclosed injury — exchanging verbal barbs.

“We’re grown men,” Marner said of their exchange. “We’re just talking about plays out there that we all want to make sure we’re 100% on. Just a little off page there. We’re not yelling at each other because we hate each other. We just all want to be on the same page and help each other out.”

Marner was the lone goal scorer for Toronto when he broke through with his first of the playoffs to cut Boston’s lead to 3-1 in the third period. That was all Toronto could muster, though, offensively. The Leafs’ power play continued to misfire and finished 0-for-3 in Game 4, to put them 1-for-14 on the man advantage in the series to date. Meanwhile, Boston has capitalized on its special teams’ opportunities with another power-play goal on Saturday (6-for-13 in the playoffs).

The gravity of Toronto’s situation now isn’t lost on anyone.

“We’re down 3-1,” Nylander said. “It’s not a great spot to be in.”

Keefe opted to make a goaltender change for the final frame by inserting Joseph Woll for Ilya Samsonov, who had allowed three goals on 16 shots (.813 save percentage). The Leafs’ coach declined to name a starter for Game 5.

“The reason for [the swap] is we’re just trying to change things,” Keefe said. “You get to get Joe involved. That’s really it. You’re trying to change the momentum. We’ve got some time here to talk it through [before Game 5].”

Boston went back to Jeremy Swayman in its net to break the goalie rotation it had cultivated between him and Linus Ullmark. Swayman had led Boston to victory in Game 1 and Game 3; Ullmark started the Bruins’ lone losing effort in Game 2. Coach Jim Montgomery explained on Saturday the plan had been to give each of Swayman and Ullmark a postseason start and then decide on a regular goaltender from there. Given Swayman’s success, it was an easy choice for Montgomery to keep him in the crease.

Montgomery had previously questioned if Swayman was “in [the Maple Leafs’] heads,” given his success against them all season. Swayman is now 6-0-0 against Toronto and holds a .956 save percentage through three postseason games.

Keefe felt it wasn’t for lack of trying that Toronto hadn’t been able to crack Swayman.

“I don’t sense any frustration,” he said. “Guys are pushing one another, guys are competitive, guys want to win. It’s all part of it.”

Toronto can only turn the page now to Game 5 on Tuesday, where the Leafs will extend — or end — their season.

“There was nothing wrong with our effort level here tonight,” Keefe said. “Guys are competing. It’s physical hockey. Guys are trying. That’s a good team over there. It’s limiting us. You can question a lot of things, can’t question the effort.”

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Politics

Google Cloud’s Web3 portal launch sparks debate in crypto industry

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<div>Google Cloud's Web3 portal launch sparks debate in crypto industry</div>

Google Cloud recently launched a Web3 portal with testnet tools, blockchain datasets, and learning resources for developers, receiving mixed reactions from the crypto industry.

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