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Syrian and Russian jets have launched air strikes on Syrian rebels who are advancing through the country after seizing its second-largest city.

The rebels, led by jihadi group Hayat Tahrir al Sham, took over most of Aleppo in a shock offensive on Saturday. They claim to have also entered the city of Hama.

Air strikes that hit the entrance of Aleppo University Hospital killed 12 civilians and injured 23 others, said the Syrian Civil Defence, also known as the White Helmets.

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Russian jets strike Syrian hospital

The Syrian army and Russia denied attacking civilians and said they had targeted insurgent hideouts.

Images from the city of Idlib also showed the aftermath of a strike with a vehicle on fire and debris covering the street.

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Children rescued after Syria airstrikes

A White Helmets volunteer told Sky News: “War planes are everywhere, targeting everything.

“The situation is complex but the only thing which is true is that the civilians [have] paid the price from 2011 up until now. And now, a new episode is happening.”

The Syrian regime has also deployed military personnel with rocket launchers, its defence ministry said on Facebook.

A view of a vehicle on fire in the aftermath of what the White Helmets say is a strike, in Idlib, Syria, released December 1, 2024, in this still image taken from a handout video. The White Helmets/Handout via REUTERS
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A vehicle on fire in Idlib following a strike. Pic: Reuters

Russia has long been a key ally for Syria’s President Bashar al Assad and helped him regain control in 2016 following an uprising that began in 2011.

The air strikes come after Mr Assad said in his first public comments that his country would “defend its stability and territorial integrity” and defeat the “terrorists and their supporters”.

On Saturday, thousands of insurgents – many of whom had previously been forced into retreat in Idlib Governate – took over most of Aleppo and faced little to no resistance from government troops, according to fighters and activists.

They also seized towns and villages in northern Hama, a province where they had a presence before being expelled in 2016.

The swift offensive is a huge embarrassment for Mr Assad and raises questions about his forces’ preparedness.

Opposition supporters stand on a captured Syrian army tank near Aleppo. Pic: AP Photo/Omar Albam
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Opposition supporters on a captured Syrian army tank near Aleppo. Pic: AP

The insurgents, including Turkey-backed fighters, began the attacks on Wednesday and entered Aleppo two days later.

At least 327 people, including 44 civilians, have been killed since, according to the UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR). Thousands have also reportedly been displaced.

Russian war bloggers claimed on Sunday that the general in charge in Syria, Sergei Kisel, had been sacked and replaced.

However, the move has not yet been officially confirmed.

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Moment rebels topple statue in Aleppo city

Russia’s defence ministry first said its air force had carried out strikes on Saturday, Russian news agencies reported.

The state-run Russian Centre for the Reconciliation of the Enemy Parties in Syria said attacks had targeted “militant concentrations, command posts, depots, and artillery positions” in Aleppo and Idlib provinces.

It claimed about 300 rebel fighters had been killed.

The strikes follow the boldest rebel assault for years in a civil war where front lines had largely been frozen since 2020.

The long-simmering war, which has killed hundreds of thousands and displaced millions, has ground on for more than a decade with no formal end in sight.

Syria’s civil war: a timeline

Syria has experienced more than 13 years of civil war. Here are some of the key events since the conflict began.

2011: Anti-regime sentiment spreads across Syria after protesters are shot dead by government forces. Conflict breaks out between rebels and pro-Assad troops.

2012: Government forces relentlessly bombard rebel territory, particularly the besieged city of Homs.

2013: The Islamic State (IS) is founded and begins to grow in strength and territory. A chemical weapon attack in Ghouta, Damascus, killed hundreds. The UN found that sarin gas was used, but did not assign blame to the Assad regime or the rebels.

2014: IS declares a “caliphate” covering much of Syria and continues to fight both the Assad regime and the rebels. Foreign countries begin bombing IS strongholds.

2015: IS fighters seized the historic city of Palmyra, destroying monuments across the city, a UNESCO Heritage Site.

Russia, launches its first airstrikes in Syria. Moscow said they were targeting IS, but the West accused them of also attacking rebels to support Damascus. This proved to be a turning point in the conflict.

2016: Syrian troops, backed by Iran and Russia, recapture Aleppo – a significant blow to the rebels.

2017: IS is driven from Raqqa, the capital of the “caliphate” by the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces – widely seen as a symbol of the terror group’s decline.

2018: At least 70 people died and hundreds were injured in an alleged chemical attack on Douma, eastern Ghouta. The US state department called it “one of the worst chemical attacks in Syrian history”. The US, UK and France launched airstrikes against Assad targets in response.

2019: Turkey launches an offensive into northeastern Syria.

2021: Daraa in southern Syria sees intense fighting after the region boycotted the presidential election. A ceasefire is agreed in September.

2022: IS militants attack a prison in northeast Syria during which 500 people are killed and some fighters escape.

2023: A devastating earthquake strikes Turkey and Syria, killing tens of thousands of people.

Read more:
Rebels ‘take control’ of airport and seize most of second city
A setback for the regime or start of a major escalation?
From 2021: 10 years of the Syria war

As well as Russia, Mr Assad’s allies include Iran whose foreign minister, Abbas Araqchi, was in the Syrian capital Damascus on Sunday.

According to state media, he described the situation as “difficult” but said the Syrian government would prevail.

Arab leaders including Jordan’s king and the president of the UAE have also expressed solidarity with the Syrian government in calls with Mr Assad.

Meanwhile, the White House said it was “closely monitoring the situation” but “has nothing to do with this offensive”.

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Syrian rebels celebrate town’s capture

A statement added: “The United States, together with its partners and allies, urge de-escalation, protection of civilians and minority groups, and a serious and credible political process that can end this civil war once and for all with a political settlement consistent with UNSCR 2254.”

The United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254 was unanimously adopted in December 2015 – calling for a ceasefire and political settlement in Syria. However, no real progress has been made to implement the resolution.

The US maintains a presence in parts of eastern Syria, as part of coalition efforts to restrict the operations of Islamic State (ISIS) militants.

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Isfahan, Natanz and Fordow: What we know about the US strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities

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Isfahan, Natanz and Fordow: What we know about the US strikes on Iran's nuclear facilities

There is much that is still not known about the US strikes against Iran’s nuclear facilities.

Reports are coming in about which sites were hit and what military elements were involved, as President Donald Trump hails the attack on social media.

Here’s what we know so far.

Follow latest: US bombers strike three Iranian nuclear sites

Which sites were hit?

America appears to have hit the three key locations in Iran’s nuclear programme.

They include Isfahan, the location of a significant research base, as well as uranium enrichment facilities at Natanz and Fordow.

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Natanz was believed to have been previously damaged in Israeli strikes after bombs disrupted power to the centrifuge hall, possibly destroying the machines indirectly.

However the facility at Fordow, which is buried around 80 metres below a mountain, had previously escaped major damage.

Details about the damage in the US strikes is not yet known, although Mr Trump said the three sites had been “obliterated”.

Read more:
Fordow: What we know about Iran’s secretive ‘nuclear mountain’

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Sky’s Mark Stone explains how Iran might respond to the US strike on Tehran’s nuclear sites.

What weapons were used in the attacks?

The White House and Pentagon did not immediately elaborate on the operation, but a US official said B-2 heavy bombers were involved.

Fox News host Sean Hannity said he had spoken with the president and that six bunker buster bombs were used on the Fordow facility.

Bunker buster bombs are designed to explode twice. Once to breach the ground surface and again once the bomb has burrowed down to a certain depth.

A GBU-57, or the Massive Ordnance Penetrator bomb, at Whiteman Air Base in Missouri. in 2023. File pic: US Air Force via AP
Image:
A file picture of a GBU-57 bunker buster bomb, which was possibly used in the attack on Fordow. Pic: AP

Israel has some in its arsenal but does not have the much more powerful GBU-57, which can only be launched from the B-2 bomber and was believed to be the only bomb capable of breaching Fordow.

Hannity said 30 Tomahawk missiles fired by US submarines 400 miles away struck the Iranian nuclear sites of Natanz and Isfahan.

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‘Fordow is gone’: US warplanes strike three nuclear sites in Iran

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'Fordow is gone': US warplanes strike three nuclear sites in Iran

The US has carried out a “very successful attack” on three nuclear sites on Iran, President Donald Trump has said.

The strikes, which the US leader announced on social media, reportedly include a hit on the heavily-protected Fordow enrichment plant which is buried deep under a mountain.

The other sites hit were at Natanz and Isfahan. It brings the US into direct involvement in the war between Israel and Iran.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu hailed the “bold decision” by Mr Trump, saying it would “change history”.

Iran has repeatedly denied that it is seeking a nuclear weapon and the head of the UN’s nuclear watchdog said in June that it has no proof of a “systematic effort to move into a nuclear weapon”.

Follow latest: US bombers strike three Iranian nuclear sites

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Trump: Iran strikes ‘spectacular success’

Addressing the nation in the hours after the strikes, Mr Trump said that Iran must now make peace or “we will
go after” other targets in Iran.

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Commenting on the operation, he said that the three Iranian sites had been “obliterated”.

“There will be either peace or there will be tragedy for Iran far greater than we have witnessed over the last eight
days,” he said.

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Benjamin Netanyahu said Donald Trump and the US have acted with strength following strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities.

In a posting on Truth Social earlier, Mr Trump said, “All planes are safely on their way home” and he congratulated “our great American Warriors”. He added: “Fordow is gone.”

He also threatened further strikes on Iran unless it doesn’t “stop immediately”, adding: “Now is the time for peace.”

It is not yet clear if the UK was directly involved in the attack.

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‘Iranians have to repond’

Read more:
Analysis: If Israel breaks Iran it will end up owning the chaos
Fordow: What we know about Iran’s secretive ‘nuclear mountain’

Among the sites hit was Fordow, a secretive nuclear facility buried around 80 metres below a mountain and one of two key uranium enrichment plants in Iran.

“A full payload of BOMBS was dropped on the primary site, Fordow,” Mr Trump said. “Fordow is gone.”

There had been a lot of discussion in recent days about possible American involvement in the Iran-Israel conflict, and much centred around the US possibly being best placed to destroy Fordow.

Meanwhile, Natanz and Isfahan were the other two sites hit in the US attack.

Natanz is the other major uranium enrichment plant in Iran and was believed to have possibly already suffered extensive damage in Israel’s strikes earlier this week.

Isfahan features a large nuclear technology centre and enriched uranium is also stored there, diplomats say.

Map showing the Fordow enrichment plant
Image:
Map showing the Fordow enrichment plant

US media reported that six ‘bunker buster’ bombs were used to strike Fordow.

Mr Trump said no further strikes were planned and that he hoped diplomacy would now take over.

It’s not yet known what Iran’s response will be – particularly as the government was already struggling to repel Israel.

However a commentator on Iranian state TV said every US citizen or military in the region was now a legitimate target.

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Like George W Bush did in Iraq, if Israel breaks Iran it will end up owning the chaos that could ensue

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Like George W Bush did in Iraq, if Israel breaks Iran it will end up owning the chaos that could ensue

Israelis are good at tactics, poor at strategic vision, it has been observed.

Their campaign against Iran may be a case in point.

Short termism is understandable in a region that is so unpredictable. Why make elaborate plans if they are generally undone by unexpected events? It is a mindset that is familiar to anyone who has lived or worked there.

And it informs policy-making. The Israeli offensive in Gaza is no exception. The Israeli government has never been clear how it will end or what happens the day after that in what remains of the coastal strip. Pressed privately, even senior advisers will admit they simply do not know.

It may seem unfair to call a military operation against Iran that literally took decades of planning short-termist or purely tactical. There was clearly a strategy of astonishing sophistication behind a devastating campaign that has dismantled so much of the enemy’s capability.

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How close is Iran to producing a nuclear weapon?

But is there a strategic vision beyond that? That is what worries Israel’s allies.

It’s not as if we’ve not been here before, time and time again. From Libya to Afghanistan and all points in between we have seen the chaos and carnage that follows governments being changed.

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Hundreds of thousands have died. Vast swathes of territory remain mired in turmoil or instability.

Which is where a famous warning sign to American shoppers in the 80s and 90s comes in.

Ahead of the disastrous invasion that would tear Iraq apart, America’s defence secretary, Colin Powell, is said to have warned US president George W Bush of the “Pottery Barn rule”.

The Pottery Barn was an American furnishings store. Signs among its wares told clumsy customers: “You break it, you own it.”

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Iran and Israel exchange attacks

Bush did not listen to Powell hard enough. His administration would end up breaking Iraq and owning the aftermath in a bloody debacle lasting years.

Israel is not invading Iran, but it is bombing it back to the 80s, or even the 70s, because it is calling for the fall of the government that came to power at the end of that decade.

Iran’s leadership is proving resilient so far but we are just a week in. It is a country of 90 million, already riven with social and political discontent. Its system of government is based on factional competition, in which paranoia, suspicion and intense rivalries are the order of the day.

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After half a century of authoritarian theocratic rule there are no opposition groups ready to replace the ayatollahs. There may be a powerful sense of social cohesion and a patriotic resentment of outside interference, for plenty of good historic reasons.

But if that is not enough to keep the country together then chaos could ensue. One of the biggest and most consequential nations in the region could descend into violent instability.

That will have been on Israel’s watch. If it breaks Iran it will own it even more than America owned the disaster in Iraq.

Iran and Israel are, after all, in the same neighbourhood.

Has Israel thought through the consequences? What is the strategic vision beyond victory?

And if America joins in, as Donald Trump is threatening, is it prepared to share that legacy?

At the very least, is his administration asking its allies whether they have a plan for what could come next?

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