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Ancient Egypt, China and Mesopotamia are all frequently cited as long-lasting civilizations, enduring for thousands of years. But which of these societies lasted the longest?

It turns out, that’s not a straightforward question, for a few reasons. First, modern historians and archaeologists don’t agree on a single definition of a civilization, including when one begins and when one ends, and many experts are doubtful whether civilizations can be measured in this way. 

Second, all great civilizations had periods when they were ruled by “foreigners” — the Hyksos in Egypt, for example — which complicates whether they should be considered continuous civilizations.

Third, the culture near the beginning of a civilization might have been different from the culture near its end. As a result, many modern historians and archaeologists do not consider the idea of “civilization” useful; instead, they talk of “cultures” and “traditions.” 

Related: What’s the world’s oldest civilization?

The situation was different 100 years ago, when historians and archaeologists were happy to label some cultures as “civilizations.” In the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was “a complicated acceptance of a hierarchy of human societies,” in part to justify European colonial empires, Rowan Flad, an archaeologist at Harvard University, told Live Science.

“There was no difficulty for people who were coming from a European or American standpoint to identify certain traditions and certain cultures as being civilized, and others not,” he said.Is China the longest-lasting civilization?

This Chinese text may be the oldest known atlas of the human body. (Image credit: The History Collection / Alamy Stock Photo)

By most measures — the use of writing, the establishment of cities (what “civilization” originally meant) or continuous traditions — it seems the Chinese civilization may be the longest-lasting. How it should be measured, however, is disputed. 

“It depends on how you define civilization and how you define Chinese, because I think there are reasonable multiple ways you can define both of those concepts,” said Flad, an expert in the emergence of complex societies in China. 

As an example, he highlighted Chinese writing; forms of the same symbols are used today and on the 3,200-year-old Oracle Bones, the earliest examples of writing in China. 

“When you think about the [Chinese] written language, there’s absolutely no controversy that there’s continuity from 3,250 years ago or so to the present,” he said. 

But the same criterion can’t be used elsewhere, Flad said. For example, the earliest writing in the Americas is attributed to the Olmecs in about 900 B.C. Writing was also known to the Maya after about 250 B.C. But the Incas, who ruled parts of South America for about 400 years until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, seem to have had no writing (although they used knotted cords called quipu or khipu to encode information.)Ancient and modern China

Fog along the Great Wall of China (Image credit: Darrell Gulin via Getty Images)

Based on the archaeology of early states in what’s now Chinese territory, including Neolithic ruins of the Liangzhu culture in the Yangtze River Delta, it’s sometimes claimed that Chinese civilization is over 5,000 years old. But some historians see China’s present as too different from its past for it to qualify as one continuous civilization. 

“I don’t think that what is happening today in China is closely related to things that happened, say, before 1949 [China’s revolution under Mao Zedong] or 1911 [the Xinhai revolution that ended China’s last imperial dynasty],” Julia Schneider, a conceptual historian at University College Cork in Ireland, told Live Science.

Related: Have any human societies ever lived underground?

Schneider, an expert in China’s history, noted that pro-Chinese politicians and historians sometimes claim China’s civilization is the world’s longest-lasting, as “a point of legitimacy.” But “what was Chinese? — that is the problem.” The region encompassed a vast area and many different ethnicities at different times, and what happened in the Chinese heartlands could be “culturally very far away” than what happened elsewhere, she said.Egypt and Mesopotamia

An ancient relief of an Assyrian god from Mesopotamia. (Image credit: Gilmanshin via Getty Images)

Next to China, ancient Egypt and then Mesopotamia are usually considered the longest-lasting civilizations. By one estimate, measuring from the time of the first pharaohs and the use of hieroglyphic writing until its native religion was replaced by Christianity, the ancient Egyptian civilization endured for about 3,500 years.Related mysteries—What is the oldest-known archaeological site in the world?

—Who was the world’s first author?

—What was the largest empire in the world?

But Egypt was sometimes ruled by foreign dynasties, and both hieroglyphics and the Egyptian religion had different forms at certain times. 

In Mesopotamia, Sumerian writing began in about 3200 B.C., and worship of Mesopotamian gods probably lasted until the third century A.D., Philip Jones, associate curator and keeper of collections at the Babylonian section of Philadelphia’s Penn Museum, told Live Science. By that count, Mesopotamia might be seen as lasting as long as the Egyptian civilization. 

“What most people mean by ‘civilization’ has to be understood as a high-level extrapolation that tends to lose focus when you look more closely,” Jones said. “But, that said, unless history is to be seen as an almost infinite set of micro-events, people have a right to expect historians to attempt to divide history into more manageable chunks.”

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Entertainment

From niche to a billion pound industry: How immersive events have taken over

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From niche to a billion pound industry: How immersive events have taken over

While cinemas are struggling and London’s West End has witnessed a significant escalation in ticket prices, creatives behind immersive experiences say their sector is experiencing “a gold rush moment”.

From shows built around obvious fan bases – such as Mamma Mia! The Party – to those working with established intellectual property, including Squid Game: The Experience, the UK has proven to be a world leader when it comes shows that make audiences feel part of the action, rather than just observers.

Little Lion Entertainment are the team behind two shows currently running in the UK: Pac-Man Live in Manchester and the Crystal Maze Live in London.

Its CEO Tom Lionetti told Sky News: “There has been a real boom in the experience economy… It kind of feels like a bit of a gold rush moment in this industry.

“It’s not nascent anymore, it really is a big industry and it’s getting bigger.

“West End theatre is incredibly expensive at the moment and even cinema can be expensive for what it is, so I think it’s about caring about the experience … you’ve got to consider value for money these days.”

Their Crystal Maze show challenges ticketholders to climb through tunnels and collect crystals just like contestants on the ’90s programme.

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The Crystal Maze Live experience
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Fans at the Crystal Maze experience have the chance to take on the gameshow’s final round

And it’s one of the longest-running immersive shows in the world, still going strong in London 15 years after the concept was first staged.

“The genesis really was this idea of breaking the fourth wall,” Lionetti says. “I was an actor and I come from a theatre background, but what we were really intrigued with was giving people agency so you become the star of the show.”

Last year, according to the Gensler Research Institute’s 2025 Immersive Entertainment & Culture Industry Report, the global market for immersive entertainment was valued at £98bn – and it’s projected to reach £351bn by 2030.

Despite times being financially tough post-pandemic, while cinemas have been struggling to put bums on seats, the continued popularity of experience events could indicate consumers are being a little more choosy about what they spend their hard-earned wages on.

The Crystal Maze Live experience
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Participants get the full experience – minus the hit show’s host

Our eagerness to show off on social media could also account for some of what’s driving the boom, as well as the isolating nature of how technology-dependant we’ve become.

As Secret Cinema’s senior creative director, Matt Costain, explains: “Whether it’s competitive socialising or immersive experiences, people are look for something that offers them more… and this is an example of an activity where people can come together and have a sense of community.”

Secret Cinema – which combines live performance and film screenings – has been staging events for 15 years now.

In that time, they’ve partnered with major studios from Marvel to Netflix. Their latest offering will run from August see them bring Grease’s Rydell High to life.

An artist's impression of what the Grease immersive experience will look like
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Secret Cinema is recreating locations from the classic film


An artist's impression of what the Grease immersive experience will look like

Costain says: “When we first started this was niche, film fans who wanted to dress up and keep a secret… but immersive has moved mainstream and we’ve found ourselves one of two or three companies who’ve been in it since the beginning.

“Part of our job as artists is to help people remember that they really love to play.”

Initial Casting for Grease The Immersive Movie Musical features Stephanie Costi as Sandy, Liam Buckland as Kenickie, Lucy Penrose as Rizzo
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Grease: The Immersive Movie Musical will feature Stephanie Costi as Sandy, Liam Buckland as Kenickie and Lucy Penrose as Rizzo

He jokes that those “who find it the most difficult to get started” are invariably the ones “at 11pm with their tie tied around their head and dancing on a table”.

While there are many shows working with established intellectual property (IP), there are also some hugely creative original works also being produced – Storehouse being one of those.

For 16 weeks, attendees at Staged in Deptford, which was once the archival store for Rupert Murdoch’s News International, will be guided through a story that takes place inside a ‘digital memory palace’ that supposedly houses every story, message, memory, and meme since the dawn of the internet.

Chris Agha in Storehouse. Pic: Helen Murray
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Chris Agha in Storehouse. Pic: Helen Murray

Produced by Sage & Jester, its lead producer Rosalyn Newbery explains: “You’re not moving into a theatre with infrastructure, put it this way, we literally had to bring electricity to the venue, bring power to the venue, bring water to the venue, none of that was there for us… it’s a big old job and there’s a lot of detail that you can’t take for granted.”

Over 7,000 crew worked more than 57,000 hours to build the set.

Storehouse at Staged in Deptford. Pic: Helen Murray
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Storehouse at Staged in Deptford. Pic: Helen Murray

Getting a show of this size and scale off the ground is a feat in itself. As creative director Sophie Larsmon says: “There are a lot of people trying to get these projects off the ground and there are a lot of projects that never see the light of day…because of the hoops that have to be jumped through for licensing and financing.

“It takes huge amounts of creative effort, I’ve seen a lot of projects where quite late in the process the green light is taken away.”

Read more from Sky News:
Chris Brown pleads not guilty to attempting to cause GBH
Sunken British superyacht emerges from seabed

While some creators might struggle to access support because the work doesn’t fit into traditional cultural boxes, it is certainly an industry that’s worth shining a spotlight on.

As Larsom says: “The UK has always led the way in developing this form… I think people are cottoning on to the fact that this is a sector [that’s] going to be a big revenue earner for the UK.”

The Crystal Maze LIVE Experience is on in London’s West End, near Piccadilly Circus.

Grease: The Immersive Movie Musical is at Battersea Park from 1 August to 7 September.

Storehouse runs at Depford Storehouse until 20 September.

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Sports

Misiorowski perfect into 7th, sets rookie record

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Misiorowski perfect into 7th, sets rookie record

MINNEAPOLIS — Jacob Misiorowski of the Milwaukee Brewers lost his bid for a perfect game in the seventh inning of a 17-6 win against the Minnesota Twins on Friday night.

After issuing a walk to Byron Buxton, Matt Wallner lofted a home run to the flower bed just past the right-field wall, ending Misiorowski’s run of hitless innings to start his big league career at 11, the first starter to do that since 1900.

“I think this is exactly how I ever dreamed of it coming along,” the 23-year-old rookie said. “It’s exciting.”

He threw five no-hit innings against St. Louis on June 12, but left in the sixth with cramping in his right calf and quadriceps.

“I felt calmer and ready to go compared to the first one,” Misiorowski said. “Nerves were going pretty heavy on the first one, so it’s good to finally feel the feet under you.”

The 6-foot-7 right-hander struck out six with a fastball topping out at 102.1 mph and a slider and changeup in the mid-90s.

“It’s important to prove to yourself as a young player that you belong in the big leagues and taste success and realize that you do belong here,” said Christian Yelich, who had a career-high eight RBIs. “He should believe he’s a really good major league pitcher because he is. All the nights probably aren’t going to go as smooth as the first two, but you see the ability.

“He’s got a chance to something special every night he goes out there.”

Misiorowski is the only big leaguer since 1900 to have more wins (2) than hits allowed (1) in his first two career starts, according to OptaSTATS.

“He was attacking, but mixing, too,” manager Pat Murphy said. “It wasn’t just heaters.”

After seeing four straight pitches of at least 100.8 mph from Misiorowski, Willi Castro twisted like a corkscrew and dropped to the ground as he struck out on a 95.5 mph slider in the first inning.

“You don’t see a guy throwing a slider 95, 96,” Castro said. “It’s really hard to pick up.”

Misiorowski threw 29 pitches of 100 mph or higher and had 12 of 101 mph or more. Since tracking started in 2008, the only starting pitchers to throw more in a game at 101 mph and above are Hunter Greene (33 on Sept. 17, 2022; 21 on March 30, 2023; 18 on July 26, 2022; and 13 on April 16, 2022) and Jordan Hicks (on July 12, 2022), according to Major League Baseball.

After the homer by Wallner, Misiorowski was pulled for reliever Nick Mears and left to a standing ovation. He threw 86 pitches, 60 for strikes, and departed with Milwaukee leading 8-2.

The Brewers scored five runs in the top of the seventh, a long time for starter to sit in the dugout, but Misiorowski was adamant about going back to the mound.

“He said, ‘Yes I’m getting toward the end, but I want to challenge myself,'” Murphy said. “It was a good time to have him do that.”

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Sports

Suarez, managers suspended for Padres-L.A. feud

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Suarez, managers suspended for Padres-L.A. feud

LOS ANGELES — San Diego Padres closer Robert Suarez was suspended for three games and fined an undisclosed amount Friday for intentionally hitting Shohei Ohtani of the Los Angeles Dodgers with a pitch during the NL West rivals’ contentious meeting Thursday night.

Suarez will appeal the suspension, keeping him eligible to play for San Diego on Friday night against Kansas City. He did not pitch in the Padres’ 6-5 loss.

Padres manager Mike Shildt and Dodgers manager Dave Roberts also received one-game suspensions and undisclosed fines for their roles in the brouhaha that occurred in both halves of the ninth inning during the Padres’ 5-3 victory at Dodger Stadium.

“I support it,” Roberts said about the league’s disciplinary decision. “I think that obviously I never want to make the game about the managers. It shouldn’t be. It should be about the players and winning, so last night, both managers are protecting their teams, and it just unfortunately got to the point that we became the focus, and that’s not the way it should be.”

Both managers were ejected in the top of the ninth after they ran onto the field and bumped into each other during a vociferous argument that almost got even more physical before their players and assistant coaches intervened.

Shildt believed Dodgers reliever Jack Little intentionally hit Fernando Tatís Jr. in the right hand with a pitch, igniting the latest bench-clearing incident between local rivals with several years of bad-tempered history.

“Circumstances were really challenging this past series, and at the end of the day I don’t regret standing up for a guy that I love in Tati, and a team that I love and a city that I love,” Shildt said. “In that regard, I have no regrets how it got to that point. Again, we can all have our comments and thoughts and theories. But as far as my actions, it’s not something you want to do every night or needs to be done, hopefully ever again. But appropriate actions for the circumstances were taken, and I don’t regret it at all.”

Shildt and Roberts served their suspensions Friday. Bench coach Danny Lehmann managed the Dodgers in their 6-5 win over the Washington Nationals, and Padres bench coach Brian Esposito was in San Diego’s dugout vs. the Royals.

In the bottom of the ninth, Ohtani was hit on the back of his right shoulder by Suarez’s pitch, putting the tying run on base during the Dodgers’ three-run rally. Ohtani’s teammates appeared to be preparing to storm the field for the second time before Ohtani waved them back. The three-time MVP then walked to the Padres’ dugout for some light banter, defusing the tension.

Suarez on Friday insisted he hadn’t retaliated for Tatís.

“I was never trying to get anyone into trouble or hit anybody,” Suarez said through an interpreter. “Unfortunately it happened. I got ejected and I couldn’t finish out the game, but we won as a team, and we were able to salvage that game. … [The Dodgers are] entitled to their opinion. They can say whatever they want. That was not the case. I was out there to try to save the game.”

Ohtani threw a bullpen session as scheduled Friday despite getting hit by Suarez on his pitching shoulder. Ohtani’s second mound start for the Dodgers is still expected to happen Sunday, Roberts said.

Tatís was in the Padres’ lineup as usual Friday. Manny Machado said afterward that the Dodgers should “pray” Tatís had escaped serious injury, encouraging them to “put out a candle.”

Information from The Associated Press was used in this report.

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