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Share on Pinterest A new study looks at how racial and ethnic discrimination can affect the gut. nazar_ab/Getty ImagesRacial discrimination increases the risk of poorer mental health, sleep problems, inflammation and obesity in adults and children.The link between racial discrimination and obesity may be due to a stress-related disruption of the communication between the brain and gut microbiome.Coping strategies can help people reduce the impact of racial discrimination on their health, but policy changes are needed to reduce peoples exposure to discrimination.

People who experience frequent racial or ethnic discrimination are more susceptible to obesity and related conditions, with some research showing that these higher risks begin to appear in childhood.

Obesity is a major public health issue in the United States, affecting more than four in 10 American adults, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Black and Hispanic adults face even higher rates of obesity.

Similar patterns are seen in children and teens, with Black and Hispanic youth more likely to be affected by obesity than white youth, CDC data shows. Overall, one in five American youth have obesity.

Some research shows that higher rates of obesity among certain racial and ethnic groups may stem from factors such as genetics; individual physical activity levels; access to healthy, affordable foods; and exposure to unhealthy food product marketing.

Other research has focused on another known stressor racial or ethnic discrimination which increases the risk of poorer mental health, sleep problems, and physical issues such as cardiovascular disease and inflammation.

Discrimination has also been linked to higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and rates of obesity in adults and youth.

A new study suggests that this link to obesity may be partly due to stressful discrimination changing how peoples brains process food cues and disrupting communication between the gut microbiome and the brain.

The gut microbiome, which consists of bacteria and other microbes living in the intestines, plays a role in health and disease, including mental health and may also influence behavior.

Our results show that a persons brain-gut crosstalk may change in response to ongoing experiences of discrimination affecting food choices, cravings, brain function, and contributing to alterations in gut chemistry that have been implicated in stress and inflammation, Arpana Gupta, PhD, a researcher and co-director of the UCLA Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center and the UCLA G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, said in a news release. Discrimination affects food cue responses

The study, published Oct. 2 in Nature Mental Health, included 107 people 87 women and 20 men of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds.

Participants completed a questionnaire that measures chronic experiences of unfair treatment. Based on their responses, researchers divided people into high discrimination exposure and low discrimination exposure groups.

People had MRI brain scans while completing a food-cue task involving looking at pictures of four different types of food two healthy and two unhealthy and one non-food picture as a comparison.

In addition, people provided a stool sample, which researchers used to measure changes in the levels of 12 glutamate metabolites, or breakdown products.

Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that is linked with inflammation related to conditions such as anxiety and depression. Research also shows that glutamate is involved in the brains reward system and related behaviors like impulsivity.

In the study, people who reported greater levels of discrimination had higher levels of two glutamate breakdown products associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and an increased risk of obesity, researchers found.

People who reported more experiences of discrimination also had greater activation in certain areas of the brain in response to unhealthy food cues. The activated regions are involved in reward processing, motivation, cravings and appetite responses.

Discrimination-related stress was also associated with changes in brain responses involved in self-regulation this occurred only with cues for unhealthy foods, not for healthy foods.

In addition, unhealthy sweet food was involved in changing the two-way communication between the brain and the gut microbiome, the results showed.

Researchers say that the new study and earlier research suggest that racial or ethnic discrimination may lead to changes in communication between the brain and gut microbiome, which shifts people toward unhealthy eating behaviors.

It appears that in response to stressful discrimination experiences, we seek comfort in food, manifested as increased cravings, and increased desire, for highly palatable foods, such as high-calorie foods and, especially, sweet foods, Gupta said in the release.

These alterations may ultimately cause people exposed to discrimination to be more vulnerable to obesity and obesity-related disorders, she added.Impact of discrimination is real

Rebecca Hasson, PhD, associate professor of movement science and director of the Childhood Disparities Research Laboratory at the University of Michigan School of Kinesiology, emphasized that discrimination is one particular form of toxic stress, one that is known to have negative health effects.

Discrimination also comes in many forms, including that based on race or ethnicity, weight, gender or other social identity.

So when you look at discrimination, youre now talking about a specific toxic stressor that can cause both psychological and physiological changes in the human body which leads to a whole host of diseases, she told Healthline.

Studies like the new one, which focus on racial discrimination, provide more evidence that this is a serious stressor that we need to pay attention to, she said.

In a paper published this month in Psychosomatic Medicine, she and her colleagues found that teens who experienced racial discrimination from other teens peer discrimination had unhealthy levels of the stress hormone cortisol throughout the day.

Disruptions in cortisol levels and patterns are connected to chronic health conditions such as depression, fatigue and cardiovascular disease.

Adolfo Cuevas, PhD, assistant professor of social and behavioral sciences at the NYU School of Global Public Health, said the new study also provides some understanding of what connects experiences of discrimination to obesity.

Studies [such as this] are showing us that discrimination has a real impact on our physiology and increases the risk of disease, he told Healthline. In other words, this is not simply happening in someones head.

In fact, these experiences are embodied, and are contributing to poor health outcomes and short life expectancy for a large group of Americans in the United States, he said.

Research by Cuevas and his colleagues found that greater racial discrimination in children and adolescents is associated with higher BMI and waist circumference.

While the results, published earlier this year in JAMA Network Open, showed that the effect of discrimination was small, Cuevas pointed out that the study looked at only a snapshot of these childrens lives.

These experiences of discrimination are not just happening one time, he said. This is happening over and over, at a critical period in these kids lives.

The effects of discrimination accumulate as children move into adulthood, which Cuevas said has huge implications for public health. So we have to find psychological and social resources to help mitigate that, he said.

This might include finding ways for clinicians, teachers, principals and even children to work together to create a greater appreciation of different cultures within the school system, he added, in order to reduce exposure to discrimination. Reducing the effects of discrimination

Hasson said children, teens and adults dont have to be exposed to a lot of racial discrimination to e negatively impacted by it.

So we need to be paying attention to it, in terms of how do we help people build resilience or develop coping strategies? she said.

Some research suggests that exercise may help buffer the stress response, she said, which means having a smaller cortisol response when you encounter a stressor.

Exercise may also act as a coping mechanism, she added, helping people distract themselves from an experience of discrimination or rebalance their system.

Physical activity can also build social relationships and support networks.

A great example of this is GirlTrek, an organization that is using physical activity to help African American women cope with race-related stressors, said Hasson.

Gupta said in the release that the results of the new study may help researchers develop treatments that target the brain or gut in order to reduce the effects of stress and discrimination.

This might involve taking a probiotic supplement or making changes to the diet to reduce inflammation associated with discrimination.

However, Cuevas cautions that the burden for reducing the impacts of these stressors should not fall on the victims of discrimination.

We should begin thinking about ways that we can change social structures to reduce childrens exposure to discrimination and also the risk of obesity, he said.

Hasson agrees that while its important to help individuals learn coping mechanisms for dealing with stressors, she emphasized that policy solutions are needed to eliminate exposure to these stressors in the first place.

For example, how do we create safe environments, through policy, to promote positive relationships that help people see the humanity of every individual? she said.

This approach is not just important to those most affected by racial discrimination but to everyone.

While communities of color experience racial discrimination at a much higher rate, it is important to know that this is a universal problem, said Hasson. So we need to find a universal solution to help all communities combat the negative effects of racism. Takeaway

Black and Hispanic youth and adults are at higher risk of obesity. A new study suggests that racial discrimination may contribute to this health disparity by disrupting the communication between the brain and the gut microbiome.

People who reported higher exposure to racial discrimination had greater activation in certain areas of the brain in response to pictures of unhealthy foods. They also had a decrease in activity in areas of the brain involved in self-regulation, but only for unhealthy food cues.

Exercise programs and other interventions may help people cope with racial discrimination and reduce the negative health effects. But experts say policy changes are needed to reduce peoples exposure to discrimination in the first place.

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MLB All-Star Game: Predictions, live updates and takeaways

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MLB All-Star Game: Predictions, live updates and takeaways

The 2025 MLB All-Star Game has arrived!

Will the American League continue its dominance over the National League with its 11th victory in 12 years?

All-Star newcomers, such as Pete Crow-Armstrong, and veterans, such as Aaron Judge and Shohei Ohtani, will join the rest of baseball’s best and descend on Truist Park, home of the Atlanta Braves, for this year’s Midsummer Classic — and we’ll have live updates and analysis from Atlanta throughout the game (8 p.m. ET on Fox).

After the final pitch is thrown, ESPN’s MLB experts will share their biggest takeaways right here as well. Let’s kick off the day with some predictions for Tuesday night’s game.


All-Star Game live updates


The starting lineups


Who will win the All-Star Game and by what score?

Jorge Castillo: The National League 5-2. The NL has the better lineup and will win the game for just the second time since 2012, when Melky Cabrera won MVP honors in Kansas City.

Jeff Passan: The National League will win 3-1. The NL has a far superior lineup to the AL, and in an All-Star Game where pitchers are unlikely to throw more than one inning each, the ability to pile up baserunners seeing a pitcher for the first time is paramount. The NL is more equipped to do that than the AL.


Who is your All-Star Game MVP pick?

Jesse Rogers: Cal Raleigh. I mean, he’s going to homer … that’s a given. He might even hit two. The “Big Dumper” is going to dump a blast into the right-field stands, putting another exclamation mark on an already incredible season. He won the HR Derby, and he’ll win All-Star Game MVP.

Alden Gonzalez: Pete Crow-Armstrong. He’ll have the most productive offensive night among the NL starters and, at some point, make an incredible catch in center field. Crow-Armstrong is 95 games into his age-23 season and has already accumulated 4.9 FanGraphs wins above replacement. He has become a star right before our eyes — and he seems to love the lights more than most.


What’s the matchup you are most excited to see?

Rogers: Let’s start the bottom of the first inning off with a bang, as Tarik Skubal, the starting pitcher for the AL, will face Shohei Ohtani, who is just 1-for-9 off the left-hander. Does the reigning AL Cy Young winner get an early strikeout of the reigning NL MVP, or does Ohtani finally get to Skubal? Not many matchups are guaranteed in the All-Star Game, but this one is — and it’s about as good as it gets.

Castillo: Jacob Misiorowski against anybody. The rookie right-hander’s inclusion after just five career starts produced a stir across the majors, and all eyes will be on him once he takes the mound. When he does, his 103 mph fastball should certainly play in his one inning. He’s as tough of a matchup as any pitcher in this game.


Who is the one All-Star fans will know much better after Tuesday night’s game?

Gonzalez: The San Diego Padres ended up sending three relievers to the All-Star Game, but there was one clear bullpen representative from the outset: Adrian Morejon. The 26-year-old left-hander doesn’t get much notoriety, but he has been utterly dominant, posting a 1.85 ERA and an expected slugging percentage of .263. He doesn’t strike hitters out at the absurd rates of some of today’s most dominant pitchers, but he gets outs. And he’ll probably get three big ones toward the end of the night.

Passan: Perhaps they already know Misiorowski because his fastball sits at 100 mph and his slider is in the mid-90s, but this is the sort of showcase built for him. One inning, let it eat and show that even though his career is only five starts deep, this will be the first of many All-Star appearances for the 23-year-old.

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Dump bump: Raleigh’s Derby victory lifts ratings

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Dump bump: Raleigh's Derby victory lifts ratings

ATLANTA — Big Dumper helped drive a big boost to ratings for Monday night’s Home Run Derby.

ESPN said Tuesday that viewership for Cal Raleigh‘s Home Run Derby victory was up 5% from 2024, according to Nielsen ratings. Raleigh’s win over fellow finalist Junior Caminero of Tampa Bay drew an average audience of 5,729,000 viewers, up from 5,451,000 viewers in 2024 when Los Angeles Dodgers slugger Teoscar Hernández topped Bobby Witt Jr. in the finals.

ESPN says the combined audience on ESPN and ESPN2 peaked with 6,307,000 viewers at 9:30 p.m. ET. That made the Home Run Derby one of the most-watched programs of the day, including all broadcast and cable choices.

Raleigh’s father, Todd, was his personal pitcher for the event. The Seattle catcher’s 15-year-old brother, Todd Jr., was his catcher. The elder Raleigh is a former coach of Tennessee and Western Carolina.

Raleigh, 28, leads the majors with 38 homers and 82 RBIs and is the American League’s starting catcher in Tuesday night’s All-Star Game.

Raleigh became the second Mariners player to win the Derby, following three-time winner Ken Griffey Jr., who was on the field, snapping photos.

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Rays, if in, get OK for playoffs in 10K-seat stadium

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Rays, if in, get OK for playoffs in 10K-seat stadium

The Tampa Bay Rays will play potential postseason games at George M. Steinbrenner Field in Tampa, setting up the possibility of a World Series staged in a minor league stadium with a capacity of 10,046.

The move came after discussion of potentially shifting postseason games to an alternate major league stadium, with Miami‘s LoanDepot Park among the sites considered. The Rays are playing their regular-season games this year at Steinbrenner Field, home of the Low-A Tampa Tarpons, after hurricane damage tore the roof off Tropicana Field and rendered it unfit for play in 2025.

The Rays occupy fourth place in the American League East at 50-47 but are just 1½ games behind the Seattle Mariners for the third wild-card spot in the AL.

Commissioner Rob Manfred said Tuesday he anticipates the Rays will return to Tropicana Field, which is being refurbished, for the 2026 season.

By then, the Rays could be under new ownership. While an agreement has yet to be signed, the sale of the team for $1.7 billion to an ownership group led by real estate developer Patrick Zalupski continues to progress, sources told ESPN. The change of team control would not happen until after the postseason, sources said, though there could be a signed agreement in place prior to that.

The Rays would likely stay in the Tampa Bay area after being sold by Stu Sternberg, who bought the team in 2004 for $200 million.

Sternberg pursued a sale of the Rays in the wake of the team pulling out of a deal with St. Petersburg, where Tropicana Field is located, for a $1.3 billion stadium. The sides had agreed to the deal prior to Hurricanes Helene and Milton causing more than $50 million worth of damage to Tropicana Field.

The Pinellas County board of commissioners in October 2024 delayed a vote to fund its portion of the stadium. Less than a month later, the Rays said the delay would cause a one-year delay in the stadium’s opening and cause cost overruns that would make the deal untenable without further government funding. In mid-March, Sternberg told St. Petersburg mayor Ken Welch the team would back away from the stadium deal.

Where Zalupski and his partners — mortgage broker Bill Cosgrove and Ken Babby, an owner of two minor league teams — ultimately take the Rays remains a question central to MLB’s future. Manfred has said he wants the stadium situations of the Rays and Athletics — who plan to play in a minor league stadium in West Sacramento, California, until moving to Las Vegas before the 2028 season — settled before MLB expands to 32 teams.

“If I had a brand new gleaming stadium to move [the Athletics] into, we would have done that,” Manfred said. “Right now, it is my expectation that they will play in Sacramento until they move to Las Vegas.”

Potential Twins sale: Manfred also addressed a potential sale of the Minnesota Twins, which had a “leader in the clubhouse” until earlier this summer. Billionaire Justin Ishbia turned away from the Twins, striking a deal to purchase the Chicago White Sox as early as 2029.

That left the Twins to look elsewhere.

“When it becomes clear there is a leader, everyone else backs away,” Manfred said. “A big part of the delay was associated with them deciding to do something else.”

The commissioner wouldn’t give specifics but believes a deal to sell the Twins is moving in the right direction.

“I’m not prepared to tell you today,” Manfred said. “There will be a transaction there and it will be consistent with the kind of pricing that has been taken [lately]. Just need to be patient there.”

Television contracts: Manfred says the sport is in better position to reach national broadcasting agreements for 2026-28 following the Allen & Co. Conference of media and finance leaders in Idaho.

In February, ESPN said it was ending its agreement to broadcast Sunday night games, the All-Star Home Run Derby and the Wild Card Series after this season. MLB’s other agreements, with Fox and TBS, run through the 2028 season, and MLB wants all its contracts to end at the same time.

“I had lot of conversations [in Idaho] that moved us significantly closer to a deal and I don’t believe it’s going to be long,” Manfred said Tuesday.

Gambling integrity: Though another MLB player — Guardians pitcher Luis Ortiz — is being investigated for issues related to gambling, the commissioner insists the system is working and that legalization has actually helped protect the sport.

“We constantly take a look at the integrity protections we have in place,” Manfred said. “I believe the transparency and monitoring we have in place now is a result of the legalizations and the partnerships that we’ve made. [It] puts us in a better position to protect baseball than we were in before legalization.”

Manfred is referencing gambling monitoring companies and the league’s agreements with gambling entities that inform MLB if they find suspicious activity surrounding their players. That is what happened to Ortiz, sources close to the situation told ESPN.

ABS implementation: Though not all players have outwardly expressed a desire for the ABS challenge system to be implemented full time, Manfred believes he has taken their input on the subject.

On Monday, All-Star starting pitchers Tarik Skubal and Paul Skenes were lukewarm on the idea — at least for it being used in the All-Star Game.

“I don’t plan on using them [challenges],” Skubal said. “I probably am not going to use them in the future.”

Added Skenes: “I really do like the human element of the game. I think this is one of those things that you kind of think umpires are great until they’re not. And so I could kind of care less, either way, to be honest.”

Manfred insists the challenge system idea came via a compromise after talking to players.

“Where we are on ABS has been fundamentally influenced by player input,” he said. “If two years ago, you asked me what do the owners want to do? They would have called every pitch with ABS as soon as possible.

“The players expressed a strong interest in the challenge system.”

All-Star return to Atlanta: After pulling the All-Star Game from Atlanta in 2021 due to new voting laws, Manfred was asked why the return to the city and state.

“The reason to come back here is self-revealing,” Manfred said. “You walk around here, the level of interest and excitement with a great facility, the support this market has given baseball, those are really good reasons to come back here.”

Diversity Pipeline Program: Manfred was also asked about his decision to change wording on the league’s website in relation to its Diversity Pipeline Program. He cited the changing times for the decision but stated the spirit of the programs still exist.

“Sometimes you have to look at how the world is changing around you and readjust to where you are,” Manfred said. “There were certain aspects to some of our programs that were very explicitly race and/or gender based. We know people in Washington were aware of that. We felt it was important recast our programs in a way to make sure we could continue on with our programs and continue to pursue the values we’ve always adhered to without tripping what could be legal problems that could interfere with that process.”

Immigration protections for players: As for new immigration enforcement policies since President Donald Trump’s administration took over in Washington, Manfred said the government has lived up to its promises.

“We did have conversations with the administration,” Manfred said. “They assured us there would be protections for our players. They told us that was going to happen and that’s what’s happened.”

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

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