Voters across Northern Ireland will head to the ballot box for local elections this Thursday.
On 18 May, people across the country will get the opportunity to decide who is responsible for local issues, from leisure services to bin collections.
Local elections are often used by voters to voice their opinion on national political parties, so the results will be watched closely ahead of the next Northern Ireland Assembly elections, which could be in January 2024.
This is particularly poignant at the moment as there has been no functioning government in Northern Ireland since February 2022 after the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) refused to form a power-sharing government in protest over post-Brexit trading agreements.
Voters are likely to use the local elections to give a verdict on the parties’ approach to the Windsor Framework, the amended Brexit deal for Northern Ireland agreed by Westminster and the EU in February.
Sky News takes you through all you need to know about the upcoming local elections.
Where are they taking place?
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A total of 462 seats will be up for grabs in all of Northern Ireland’s 11 councils.
They are taking place two weeks later than originally planned after Northern Ireland minister Steve Baker pushed them back over concerns the King’s coronation on 6 May would “impede the smooth running of the election and cause difficulties for staff involved”.
A single transferable vote system is used for the country’s local elections, just as it is for Northern Ireland Assembly elections and Scottish local elections.
Voters have to mark a “1” against their first preferred candidate on the ballot paper, a “2” against their second preference and so on, for as many candidates as they wish.
A mathematical formula based on the number of seats and number of votes cast is used to calculate a quota for each area.
Candidates who receive the number of first preference votes to meet the quota are then elected.
If a candidate has more votes than the quota their extra votes are transferred to the next preferred candidate.
The candidate with the fewest votes is knocked out and their second preferences transferred to other candidates.
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DUP on why NI election won’t work
This process continues until either five, six or seven candidates meet the quota or there are only five, six or seven left (depending on area) and they are then elected.
As a result, the counting generally takes longer than in England, where the first-past-the-post system is used.
The system has been used since 1998 and was chosen to allow the widest range of voices to be heard.
Who can vote?
People must be registered to vote, live in Northern Ireland, be 18 years or older and be a British, Irish or qualifying Commonwealth or EU citizen.
Those who are registered to vote will receive a polling card in the post ahead of the day.
The deadline to register was midnight on 28 April.
What are the different ways of voting?
Voters can head to their local polling station on 18 May, with the location indicated on their polling card, but people do not need to take the card with them.
Those who wish to vote by post must fill in a postal vote application form and send it back to the Electoral Office for Northern Ireland by the date stated on their form – it is different for different areas.
Voters can also nominate a proxy to vote on their behalf. They must have completed an application form specifying the reason they cannot go in person to vote.
The deadline for applying to vote by post or proxy was 26 April.
Voter identification
Northern Ireland introduced the requirement to show photo ID before being able to vote in 2002. It was required for the first time in England during the latest local elections earlier in May.
Valid ID includes a UK, Irish or EEA/EU driving licence or passport, an electoral ID card, Translink cards or biometric immigration documents.
The documents do not need to be current or have your registered voter address, but the photo must be of a good enough likeness.
What happened last time?
The 2019 local elections saw a rise in support for the Alliance Party, notable because it is a liberal and centrist party as opposed to a unionist or republican party.
It remained the fifth-largest party but closed the gap on all the others and its success was replicated in the European, Westminster and Stormont elections over the next three years.
The Greens and People Before Profit, both smaller parties, gained four seats each in 2019 but all the others lost seats.
The DUP remained the largest party with 122 seats, but dropped eight, while Sinn Fein came second with 105 – unchanged from the previous election.
The Ulster Unionist Party came third with 75 seats, losing 13, and the smaller Traditional Unionist Voice dropped seven to hold six.
A woman casually walks into a convenience store and starts filling a bread crate with goods from one of the aisles.
A shop assistant tries to stop her, but she shrugs him off, undeterred. With the crate now full of items, she leaves without paying.
It is a scenario that is played out day in and day out across Britain, as retailers warn the surge in shoplifting is now “out of control”.
I’m sitting in the security office of a busy city centre shop and I’m watching as a schoolboy walks in and helps himself to a sandwich, stuffing it into his jacket.
Watching with me is shop worker Anton Mavroianu who positions himself by the main entrance waiting for the youngster to leave.
When the boy does leave, Anton demands the item back. Instead of being frozen with fear that he’s been caught, the boy laughs and walks off.
“All we can do is try to stop them,” Anton tells me. “But this is just another day for us.”
A few weeks earlier, when Anton tried to stop a shoplifter who had stolen from the store, the man pulled out a knife and tried to attack him.
This terrifying incident is an example of the very real threat posed to shop workers as they try to stem the tide of brazen thefts.
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Shoplifting offences recorded by police in England and Wales have risen to the highest level in 20 years.
The British Retail Consortium (BRC) also reports that theft-related losses cost the retail sector millions each year, adding strain to an industry already grappling with post-pandemic recovery and economic uncertainty.
For small businesses, which lack the resources of larger chains, persistent theft can threaten their very survival.
Ricky Dougall owns a chain of convenience stores and says shoplifting cost his business around £100,000 last year.
“Shoplifting is a huge problem and it is what stops us from growing the business.
“People come in and help themselves like they own the place and when you call the police, most of the time, they don’t turn up.”
Mr Dougall says part of the problem is how this type of crime is classified.
Sentencing guidelines for thefts of under £200, so-called “low level shoplifting”, were relaxed in 2016. That is being blamed for the surge in cases.
An exclusive Sky News and Association of Convenience Stores survey shows that 80% of shopkeepers surveyed had an incident of retail crime in the past week.
The poll also found 94% of shopkeepers say that in their experience, shoplifting has got worse over the last year, with 83% not confident that the police will take action against the perpetrators of retail crime on their premises.
Paul Cheema from the Association of Convenience Stores says retailers are looking to Government to support them.
“I would say officials do not give a s*** about us retailers,” he tells me. “The losses are too big and I don’t think we can sustain that anymore.
“I would urge Keir Starmer to come and meet us and see up close the challenges that we are facing.”
Retailers have responded by investing heavily in security measures, from advanced surveillance systems to hiring more security staff.
But these investments come at a cost, often passed down to consumers through higher prices.
I get chatting to Matt Roberts, head of retail in the store I am in. He worries about shoplifting, but he worries about the staff more.
“I would imagine they dread coming to work because they’re always on tenterhooks wondering whether something is going to happen today, whether they are going to have to try and confront someone.
“It’s a horrible feeling. It’s out of control and we need help.”
The government has acknowledged the urgency of the issue. Home Secretary-led discussions with retail associations and law enforcement are underway to craft a comprehensive strategy.
In the King’s Speech, the government outlined details of a Crime and Policing Bill, which promised to “introduce stronger measures to tackle low level shoplifting”, as well as introducing a separate offence for assaulting a shop worker.
Children do not feel safe, a charity has warned, as a survey finds two-thirds of teens in England and Wales have a fear of violence.
The charity, which surveyed 10,000 children aged 13-17, found that 20% of teenagers have been victims of violence in the past 12 months.
“I think what shocked me most is how this is a problem that affects all of our children,” said Jon Yates, CEO of the Youth Endowment Fund.
“We found that two-thirds of all teenage children are afraid. And that fear is pretty real for a lot of them.”
He said it’s a fear so palpable that many teenage children are changing their patterns of behaviour, or have had it influence their daily decisions.
One third of teenage children – 33% – reported avoiding areas, whilst around 27% alter their travel routes or avoid public transport altogether to stay safe.
More worryingly, however, some say the fear of violence has led to mental health challenges, with 22% reporting difficulties sleeping, reduced appetite and concentrating in school.
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Weapon carrying is also a concern for the charity, especially among vulnerable groups.
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From September: Young gangs of Wolverhampton
In England and Wales, 5% of all 13-17 year olds reported carrying a weapon in the past year, but that figure jumps to 21% for those suspended from school and 36% for children who have been excluded from school.
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But Mr Yates said “shockingly” only 12% of children who repeatedly commit violence get any sort of support.
“That’s madness,” he said.
Jay*, 23, from Birmingham said depending on your environment, sometimes violence is hard to avoid.
“I’ve had friends be shot, I’ve got friends who have been stabbed, I had a friend die last month to be fair,” Jay told Sky News.
He said it is “damaging” because you never really get the opportunity to “heal”. He is now being supported by the charity Project Lifeline, but says before then it was difficult to find any hope.
“If you don’t have hope,” Jay added, “you can’t really get anywhere. It’s about finding that hope.”
Mark Rodney, CEO of Lifeline Project, mentors at-risk young children and said he has learned that “not only the perpetrator carries the knife, the victim sometimes carries the knife”.
“And not only the perpetrator does the killing,” he added. “The victim sometimes does the killing, because that’s where we’re at.”
He said far too many families ask themselves “is my child safe going to school or coming home from school?” and adds the government must “actually start addressing people’s concerns”.
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From September: Home Sec vows to halve knife crime
The report also found that in 93% of cases where teenage children repeatedly harm others, adults intervene with punishments such as school discipline or police involvement.
However, only 12% of these children are offered support aimed at addressing the root causes of violence and preventing further harm.
Mr Yates said: “They go to school, they do something violent. They get excluded.”
He added: “We need to be much better at saying, ‘we’re not going to lose that child. We’re going to keep providing support to them. We’re going to keep providing a mentor’.
“Instead, we let them fall through the cracks”.
A government spokesperson said: “Halving knife crime in a decade is a clear mission this government has set out.
“It is vital to protect vulnerable young people who are too often the victims or perpetrators of this crime.”