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Feb 28 2024 University of Exeter

Young people could be spared from going blind by a new genetic risk tool that could also help diagnose multiple sclerosis (MS) earlier, to start effective treatments.

Optic neuritis is a condition that affects people of all ages, but especially young adults, usually manifesting in blurred vision and sometimes pain when moving the eyes. Up to half of people affected in the UK eventually go on to develop MS – often many years later. Emerging evidence indicates that starting the very effective MS treatments earlier may improve long term health.

Optic neuritis occurs because of swelling in or around the optic nerve. For those with MS-related optic neuritis, the swelling subsides on its own, and vision usually recovers. For many people whose optic neuritis does not result from MS, the optic nerve can be permanently damaged unless high doses of steroids are given quickly, resulting in loss of sight. However, steroids can result in harmful side effects. When people first develop optic neuritis, it can be difficult for patients and their doctors to decide whether the possible benefits of steroid outweigh the possible harms, when the likely cause of the optic neuritis is unclear.

Identifying whether there is an underlying cause of optic neuritis can be challenging for clinicians, with many important test results taking weeks to return. Now, new research, published in Nature Communications and led by the University of Exeter and King's College London, has shown for the first time that combining genetic risk for MS with demographic factors significantly improves MS risk prediction in people presenting with optic neuritis.

Co-author Dr Tasanee Braithwaite, consultant ophthalmologist to the Medical Eye Unit at Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, and Adjunct Senior Lecturer at King's College London said: "As a doctor caring for many patients with optic neuritis, I'm excited by the possibility of translating this pilot research into front line clinical care in the near future. Whilst more research is needed, our study provides a strong signal that we could better identify patients at high risk of MS, perhaps enabling these people to have earlier MS treatment in the future. Whereas, if we could better identify people whose optic neuritis is very unlikely to result from MS, we could treat these people urgently to reduce irreversible vision loss and blindness."

The team analysed more than 300 common genetic variants linked to developing MS, combining them into a genetic risk score that helps clinicians understand an individual's chance of developing MS. They analysed data from 500,000 people in the UK Biobank, who have shared genetic samples, questionnaires and linked health information from their electronic medical records.

The researchers found 2,369 people who had MS in the UK Biobank, and 687 people with optic neuritis. Of those, 545 had no identifiable cause for their optic neuritis at the start of the study, and 124 went on to develop MS.

Applying the genetic risk score effectively helped separate those at lowest risk from those at high risk. Whilst the MS genetic risk score is not a diagnostic test, this study highlights that it could add one valuable additional piece of information to support doctors and patients to make better decisions. Since the first genome was sequenced three decades ago, we've been working towards the promise of being able to use genetics to improve outcomes for individual patients. This research is an excellent example of precision genetic diagnosis in practice."

Richard Oram, Co-Author, Professor of the University of Exeter Medical School Related StoriesCaffeine's protective effects against obesity and joint diseases supported by genetic studyMapping the genomic landscape of Type 2 diabetesIdentification of genetic determinants of micronucleus formation

Dr Clare Walton, Head of Research at MS Society, said: "Currently, 130,000 people live with MS in the UK and one in five will have experienced optic neuritis at the start of their MS journey. This research shows how using genetic scores could be a useful way to predict who will likely continue to an MS diagnosis. 

"Using immunotherapies in people at high risk of MS could significantly delay the onset of the condition, but these drugs come with side effects. This exciting study opens up the possibility of finding people in which the benefits will outweigh the risks." 

The research stemmed from a summer project led by University of Exeter Medicine student Pavel Loginovic. With funding from the University of Exeter, it expanded into a research collaboration involving academics in Finland and the US. The research was further funded through Fight for Sight and the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, who awarded Dr Braithwaite a Zakarian Award to support this work.

Pavel said: "I'm elated to see this paper published, and it's gratifying that it could have a real impact in moving research forward, ultimately aiming to get people with MS diagnosed and perhaps treated earlier. Leading this analysis while staying on top of my medical studies has been a challenge and an immense opportunity for growth, professional and personal. I've enjoyed the academic journey so far, and I'm excited for what's to come."

The study is entitled, 'Applying a genetic risk score model to enhance prediction of future Multiple Sclerosis diagnosis at first presentation with optic neuritis', and is published in Nature Communications. Source:

University of ExeterJournal reference:

Loginovic, P., et al. (2024). Applying a genetic risk score model to enhance prediction of future multiple sclerosis diagnosis at first presentation with optic neuritis. Nature Communications. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44917-9.

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Apple reports biggest drop in iPhone sales since early months of pandemic – and reveals AI plans

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Apple reports biggest drop in iPhone sales since early months of pandemic - and reveals AI plans

Tech giant Apple has recorded the biggest drop in iPhone sales since the early months of the COVID pandemic.

Sales for January to March were down 10% on the same period last year – something not seen since the 2020 iPhone model was delayed due to lockdown factory closures.

Overall, Apple earned $90.8bn (£72.4bn) in the latest quarter – down 4% from last year. It was the fifth consecutive three-month period that the company’s revenue dipped from the previous year.

Apple’s profit in the past quarter was $23.64bn (£18.85bn) – a 2% dip from last year.

It was good news, however, for the overall value of the company as its share price rose nearly 7% after investors had expected a bigger drop in sales.

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March: Apple accused of locking out rivals

Meanwhile, Apple chief executive Tim Cook has discussed how the company is set to use artificial intelligence (AI).

While rival Samsung introduced phones that can feature AI, including generative AI chatbots, Apple has yet to announce how it will be embedded into its iPhones.

The next iPhone is expected to feature AI microchips and bigger screens.

Apple will reveal the newest software when it holds its annual developers’ conference in June.

Read more:
Apple given £1.5bn fine
Apple sued for ‘having illegal monopoly on smartphones’

Generative AI could power phones to write software code, essays or create images based on a prompt by users.

Mr Cook said the company feels “very bullish about our opportunity in generative AI and we’re making significant investments”, adding: “We’re looking forward to sharing some very exciting things.”

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UK

Labour wins Brexit strongholds as early local election results come in

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Labour wins Brexit strongholds as early local election results come in

Labour has won control of a string of Leave-voting councils as results begin to roll in from the local elections across England and Wales.

The party seized control of Rushmoor in Hampshire from the Conservatives shortly after 3am – a council the Tories had run for the last 24 years – with a spokesman calling the result “truly historic”.

They also took Hartlepool Council – the scene of a major by-election loss back in 2021, which led Sir Keir Starmer to consider quitting as leader.

A spokesperson said the win – that saw the authority move from no overall control into Labour’s hands – was “a ground-breaking moment” after the defeat three years ago.

Politics live: Follow the results as they come in

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‘A good night for Labour’

Labour also claimed victory in Thurrock, Essex, from no overall control, saying it was “exactly the kind of place we need to be winning to gain a majority in a general election”.

Meanwhile, the Conservatives lost control of North East Lincolnshire after Labour won five of the seats up for grabs – with neither party now holding a majority on the council.

All four areas overwhelmingly voted Leave in the 2016 referendum, with Thurrock supporting it by 72.3%, North East Lincolnshire by 69.9%, Hartlepool by 69.6% and Rushmoor by 58.2%.

More than 2,600 council seats across 107 councils are up for grabs in England, alongside 11 mayoral elections, a parliamentary seat and police and crime commissioners throughout England and Wales – so there is still a way to go.

But early signs show Labour is winning back seats in areas it lost over the Brexit debate, as well as making gains in traditionally Tory voting councils.

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‘We’re surging, they’re sinking’

Sky’s election coverage plan – how to follow

Thursday into Friday: From 12am until 6am, Jonathan Samuels will be joined by political correspondents Tamara Cohen and Gurpreet Narwan, as well as teams from across the country.

Friday: Lead politics presenter Sophy Ridge and chief presenter Mark Austin will be joined by political editor Beth Rigby and deputy political editor Sam Coates throughout the day, as well as economics and data editor Ed Conway and election analyst Professor Michael Thrasher.

Friday night: From 7pm until 9pm, Sophy Ridge will host a special edition of the Politics Hub, offering a full analysis and breakdown of the local elections.

The weekend: Sophy Ridge will host another special edition of the Politics Hub on Saturday from 7pm until 9pm. And Sunday Morning with Trevor Phillips will take a look back over what’s happened from 8.30am until 10am.

How do I watch?: Freeview 233, Sky 501, Virgin 603, BT 313, YouTube and the Sky News website and app. You can also watch Sky News live here, and on YouTube.

And the Electoral Dysfunction podcast with Beth Rigby, Jess Phillips and Ruth Davidson will go out on Friday, and Politics at Jack and Sam’s will navigate the big question of where the results leave us ahead of a general election on Sunday.

Shadow environment secretary Steve Reed told Sky News that while it was “early days”, the results so far were showing positive signs for Labour come the next general election.

“These are not polls,” he said. “These are people getting off their backsides, going out of their homes, into a polling station, putting a cross on a party that they want to govern their local area.

“People are crying out for change. I know that from speaking to people on the doorsteps and tonight, it looks like people around the country are voting for change.”

But while Tory MP James Daly said he “fully accepts” the loss of these councils, he insisted to Sky News his party could “still win in parts of the country where historically Labour have dominated” – including in Teeside, where Conservative Lord Houchen is defending his mayoralty.

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Other results in so far include Labour holding on to Sunderland Council, along with local authorities in South Tyneside, Chorley and Newcastle,

However, the Greens won a number of seats from Labour in Newcastle, with the party’s co-leader Carla Denyer telling Sky News it was over its position on the conflict in Gaza.

The Conservatives held on to Broxbourne Council in Hertfordshire – an authority it has run for its entire 52-year history.

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Senior Tories predict loss in Blackpool by-election as counting gets under way

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Senior Tories predict loss in Blackpool by-election as counting gets under way

Senior Tories are predicting they will lose the Blackpool South by-election as counting gets under way.

Sources told Sky News’ political correspondent Tamara Cohen they did “not expect to hold” the seat – which they won with a 3,690 majority in 2019.

And they said the “stars could not be more aligned against us” following scandals hitting local MPs.

Follow live: Tories braced for potentially difficult night in local elections

The by-election was called after the former Conservative MP Scott Benton was caught in a sting by the Times newspaper, suggesting he was willing to break lobbying rules for money.

Former Tory MP Scott Benton. Pic: PA
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Former Tory MP Scott Benton. Pic: PA

As a result, he was suspended from the Commons for 35 days, meaning he was subject to a recall petition in his constituency.

But instead of facing removal from his seat, Mr Benton resigned from parliament, triggering a vote for a new MP.

In an added painful twist for the Tories, the candidate standing to replace him, David Jones, was revealed as the chairman of the Fylde Conservatives – the area represented by the latest scandal hit MP Mark Menzies.

Mr Menzies hit the headlines after claims he misused campaign funds – including by calling a member of the local association to say he was locked in a flat by “bad people” and needed £5,000 as a matter of “life and death”.

Mr Jones denied he knew anything about the incident – which was allegedly reported to the Conservative Party three months ago – until it was revealed in the media.

Pic: Reuters
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Pic: Reuters

Labour sources told Sky News they were confident of a win in Blackpool South, despite it being a seat held by the Tories for 57 of the 78 years it has existed.

However, Labour did hold the constituency between 1997 and 2019 – before Boris Johnson and the Conservatives won over a number of the so-called Red Wall seats in the north of England.

Labour MP Samantha Dixon told Sky News’ chief political correspondent, Jon Craig, at the count that it was “going to be a very good night” for her party, claiming the local candidate, Chris Webb, had “given people a reason to come out and vote”.

She added: “We don’t know what the turnout figures are going to be [yet], but I think they’re going to be encouraging, because I think what you’ve seen is people turning to Labour as opposed to being turned off politics.”

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The by-election comes at the same time as a range of local council, mayoral, and police and crime commissioner votes across both England and Wales.

Tory sources told Tamara Cohen they were expecting to lose upwards of 500 seats, which would be a big blow to the party ahead of a general election.

But Labour sources claimed the number would be far fewer – despite the party bounding ahead of the Conservatives in national polling.

Speaking to Sky News late on Thursday night, Labour Party chair Anneliese Dodds would not put a number on how many council seats would be a good result for her, saying: “I think the key thing is going to be to see whether Labour is moving forward in those areas where it’s really critical that we build support before the next general election.”

Meanwhile, the Liberal Democrats were in a positive mood in the early hours of Friday, with sources telling Sky News they were “hearing of gains in former Conservative heartlands” – including in Oxfordshire, Hampshire and Hertfordshire.

Follow our live coverage of the election results from midnight – find the full details here.

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