These nuclear companies are leading the race to build advanced small reactors in the U.S.
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The nuclear industry is racing to launch advanced small reactors by the early 2030s, aiming to meet the deep-pocketed technology sector’s growing need for electricity to fuel artificial intelligence.
The world has relied largely on the same pressurized-water reactor technology for the past 70 years, but those plants have proven incredibly expensive to build in the U.S. in the 21st century.
The first new nuclear plant completed in decades, reactors 3 and 4 at Plant Vogtle in Georgia, infamously cost about $18 billion more than expected and opened seven years behind schedule. Each of those reactors can generate 1,114 megawatts of electricity, enough for more than 800,000 homes.
“Doing these new builds with that older, high pressure technology is just unaffordable,” Chris Levesque, CEO of TerraPower, an advanced reactor company co-founded and backed by Bill Gates, told CNBC.
Despite growing interest in restarting closed reactors, such as Palisades in Michigan and Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, as a quicker and cheaper near-term solution, there remains “a whole lot of hesitation about a brand new plant,” Levesque said.
The advanced reactors under development promise to have smaller, lighter footprints that could make them cheaper and quicker to build when they are fully commercialized. But the industry is crowded with more than 90 different technologies in various stages of development around the world, according to the Nuclear Energy Agency.
The utility and tech sectors need to winnow down the field to five or 10 companies with the right technology, said John Ketchum, CEO of NextEra Energy, the largest power company by market capitalization in the U.S.
“A lot of them are under capitalized,” Ketchum said of the small nuclear startups designing advanced reactors. “So we’ve got to pick out the ones that we really want to get behind and make the bets,” the CEO said at the CERAWeek energy conference in Houston earlier this month.
Ketchum sees the first advanced reactor coming online around 2031 in the U.S., with more units potentially on the way around 2035. Technology companies will serve as a catalyst, with Levesque saying they are a “huge force” that can drive the industry forward due to their immense demand for electricity coupled with their deep pockets. Alphabet, Amazon, Meta and Microsoft together are worth seven times the value of the entire S&P 500 utility sector.
The following are some of the leading players in the U.S. market to revive nuclear power, all three of them private but with significant financial backing — often from tech companies — and customers already lined up.
TerraPower
TerraPower is the first advanced reactor company in the U.S. to move from design to construction, breaking ground on its first plant near a former coal site in Kemmerer, Wyoming in the summer of 2024. The company aims to start dispatching power by the end of 2030 to Warren Buffett’s PacifiCorp.
TerraPower’s Natrium reactor operates at atmospheric temperature, a feature that Levesque says will reduce construction costs.
The U.S. currently relies on reactors that operate at about 300 Celsius (572 degrees Fahrenheit) and are cooled by water. The system operates under high pressure — water boils at 100 degree Celsius — to keep the coolant liquid, and the plants need heavy, expensive components to contain the pressure, Levesque said.
TerraPower uses sodium, rather than water, as a coolant. Liquid sodium boils at 900 Celsius, much higher than the Natrium reactor’s operating temperature of around 500 Celsius. That means the plant does not need to be pressurized, Levesque said.
Using a low-pressure, lighter plant to avoid high pressure systems “reduces tons of steel, tons of concrete, labor hours, numbers of systems,” Levesque said. He estimates that Natrium plants will cost about half as much to build as a traditional nuclear plant, with prices coming down as more are built.
The Natrium reactor has a power capacity of 345 megawatts, enough for more than 250,000 homes. A plant will have the ability to ramp up to 500 megawatts for several hours by storing heat in a thermal battery made of molten salt, Levesque says. The idea is to be able to dispatch power on demand to the grid when renewable solar and wind power fade because the sun isn’t shinning or winds are slack.
TerraPower has the financial backing of its key founder Bill Gates, SK Group, one of South Korea’s largest energy providers, and ArcelorMittal, a steelmaker. Gates and SK Group led TerraPower’s $830 million funding round in 2022. The Wyoming project is backed by $2 billion from the Department of Energy, which TerraPower says it will match dollar for dollar.
TerraPower filed its construction license application with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 2024 and expects the regulator will issue a permit in December 2026.
“We’re trying to show folks we’re inevitable,” Levesque said.
X-Energy
Of all the advanced reactor companies, X-Energy is the first to win a direct investment from a tech company, securing hundreds of millions of dollars from Amazon to build its Xe-100 reactor.
“What this sector needs is risk capital to invest in plants because U.S. utilities aren’t doing it today,” X-Energy CEO Clay Sell told CNBC.
X-Energy’s most recent financing round raised $700 million, led by Amazon and with additional capital from Citadel founder Ken Griffin, Ares Management, Segra Capital Management, Jane Street Capital and the University of Michigan, among others.
“One of the largest corporations in America, a company that is in size larger than the entirety of the investor-owned utility sector in the U.S., was stepping forward and saying we want to facilitate the new nuclear future in the United States,” Sell said of Amazon’s investment.
The cash will largely go to completing the reactor design so it’s ready for construction, and finishing the first phase of X-Energy’s fuel facility, Sell said.
The Xe-100 is an 80 megawatt reactor sold in a pack of four units to construct 320 megawatts in total, the CEO said. The multiple units create redundancy and the small size allows the biggest component, the reactor vessel, to ship from a factory via road to the construction site, Sell said.
The reactor uses helium gas as a coolant rather than water. X-Energy has its own proprietary fuel made of graphite pebbles that contain uranium kernels encased in ceramic. Sell said the graphite can’t melt, which makes the plant “intrinsically safe.”
Amazon’s investment will finance four Xe-100 reactors in Washington state that will be built, owned and operated by Energy Northwest, a utility, with plants coming online in the early 2030s. The intent is to scale up to a dozen Xe-100s in Washington, Sell said.
X-Energy is also working with Dow Inc. to deploy four reactors at the chemical company’s manufacturing facility in Seadrift, Texas. The Department of Energy has awarded X-Energy up to $1.2 billion to develop and deploy its technoloy.
X-Energy aims to become the first company to commission an operational advanced reactor in the U.S., Sell said.
Kairos Power
Kairos Power signed a contract with Alphabet’s Google unit last year to deploy multiple, advanced reactors, aiming to supply the YouTube company with 500 megawatts of power. The first reactor is expected to come online in 2030, with additional deployments through 2035.
Financial terms of the deal weren’t disclosed, but the Google contract is “immensely important,” allowing Kairos to “plan the infrastructure not just for one project but for a series of projects,” CEO Mike Laufer told CNBC.
“It allows us to scale our infrastructure, production — our manufacturing capabilities,” Laufer said.
The 75-megawatt Kairos’ reactor will be deployed in pairs to provide 150 megawatts of total power. Similar to TerraPower, Kairos’ reactor operates at near atmospheric pressure using molten fluoride salt instead of water as coolant. Like X-Energy, Kairos uses fuel that encases uranium kernels in ceramic and graphite pebbles that can’t melt in high-temperature reactors, according to the company.
Kairos is building a low-power, demonstration reactor in Oak Ridge, Tennessee to showcase its ability “to deliver clean, safe, and affordable nuclear heat.” Oak Ridge, site of a national laboratory about 25 miles west of Knoxville, was where uranium was enriched as part of the Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bombs.
Today, there will be a “natural thinning” in the number of advance reactor companies, Kairos CEO Laufer said: “It’s going to be driven by who can actually be in a position to execute projects,” he said.
Environment
California’s e-bike voucher program stumbles again as ‘technical issue’ forces indefinite delay
California’s rollercoaster of an electric bicycle voucher program, designed to make the highly effective transportation alternative affordable for more California residents, has hit yet another bumpy section of track. This time, a “technical issue” is being blamed for the second tranche of vouchers being delayed indefinitely, causing yet another headache for the beleaguered California E-Bike Incentive Program.
The program was set to launch its second round last night, opening its application window for one hour to distribute 1,000 more vouchers worth up to $2,000 off of an electric bicycle.
But program’s operators announced just before the application window was set to close yesterday that the website had experienced technical problems.
Unlike the first round of the incentive program, last night’s application window was designed to last for an hour, giving every eligible California resident who entered the website during the window an equal chance at receiving a voucher. That system was designed as an improvement to the first round, which was widely criticized for its “first come, first served” approach that rewarded fast typing and clicking to exhaust the first 1,500 vouchers in mere seconds.
However, the timing of the announcement last night meant that many hopeful applicants were left waiting on the website for an hour before learning that the application round was being delayed indefinitely.
According to the San Francisco Chronicle, a spokesperson for the California Air Resources Board, which administers the program, said the board is investigating the issues and attempted to troubleshoot the problems “in real time.” The program “ultimately made the decision to reschedule once it became clear that not everyone was able to access the waiting room,” said CARB’s Lindsay Buckley.
It is unclear how many people entered the website during the one-hour application window, but the first round of applications launched last December saw over 100,000 people vying for the limited number of vouchers.
Despite occasional issues like these, such e-bike voucher programs are a powerful motivator for cities and states aiming to shift more trips away from cars and toward sustainable transportation. By directly reducing the upfront cost of an electric bike – often thousands of dollars – these incentives make e-bikes accessible to a broader population, especially lower-income riders who may not be able to afford one otherwise. And unlike subsidies for electric cars, which tend to benefit wealthier households, e-bike voucher programs often deliver a much higher return on investment in terms of mode shift, equity, and emissions reductions.
The benefits don’t stop at access. These programs help normalize e-bike use in urban and suburban areas, accelerating cultural adoption and proving that two wheels can be a practical alternative to four. Cities that have rolled out vouchers, like Denver and San Diego, have seen immediate surges in ridership and have reported that many recipients use their e-bikes as replacements for car trips.
As policymakers look to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality, and hit climate targets, e-bike vouchers offer a fast, scalable, and cost-effective tool that delivers results where it matters most: in people’s daily lives. Despite California’s own voucher program repeatedly hitting roadblocks, these types of programs have proven invaluable to making real changes in the accessibility of important commuting alternatives to cars.
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Donald Trump signed two executive orders today that walked back parts of tariffs he previously imposed on US automakers ahead of a rally in Michigan to mark his first 100 days in office.
The Wall Street Journal first reported today in an exclusive that Trump was “expected to soften the impact of his automotive tariffs, preventing duties on foreign-made cars from stacking on top of other tariffs and easing some levies on car parts.”
Trump signed an executive order making sure the 25% tariffs on vehicles and certain auto parts won’t stack on top of existing aluminum, steel, or Canada and Mexico tariffs. He also gave automakers a credit to help blunt the impact of the 25% duties on imported parts that go into US-built cars.
Trump’s backpedal comes after weeks of meeting with automaker executives, and a week after a coalition that included GM, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Hyundai sent a letter urging him to drop tariffs on foreign auto parts due to land in May.
American Automotive Policy Council (AAPC) president Matt Blunt today said in response to the executive orders, “American Automakers Ford, GM, and Stellantis appreciate the administration’s clarification that tariffs will not be layered on top of the existing Section 232 tariffs on autos and auto parts. Applying multiple tariffs to the same product or part was a significant concern for American automakers, and we are glad to see this addressed. We will review the details of the executive order closely to assess how effectively it will mitigate the impact of tariffs on American automakers, our domestic supply chains and ultimately American consumers.” The AAPC represents Ford, GM, and Stellantis.
Electrek’s Take
The 25% auto tariffs implemented under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act aren’t going anywhere, and most economists say that tariffs will raise car prices and slow auto sales. This White House Fact Sheet is titled, “President Donald J. Trump Incentivizes Domestic Automobile Production.” Where’s the incentive? US automakers are just getting hit with the stick once instead of twice, and they’re thanking Trump for it.
The carrot that worked as an incentive was Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act, along with the stability that came with it. All this whiplash is terrible for the US and global economy.
Read more: Killing IRA EV tax credits will ruin US EV and battery industries – Princeton study
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New data suggests that the Tesla Powerwall 3 is significantly disrupting the US solar inverter market.
The home battery pack’s integrated inverter is changing the game.
Tesla acquired its solar business when it bought SolarCity in a controversial deal due to Musk being a large shareholder of both Tesla and SolarCity, and Musk’s cousin led the latter.
The automaker kept the SolarCity operations going for a few years. In fact, it continued until after Tesla shareholders sued Musk over the acquisition, and Musk defended himself by claiming that SolarCity had become an integral part of Tesla.
Shortly after he won the lawsuit, Tesla virtually stopped all operations that came from its SolarCity acquisition, which primarily consisted of residential solar financing and installations.
Tesla even stopped reporting solar deployment. The company’s energy business now consists almost entirely of Powerwall and Megapack deployments.
However, the launch of the Powerwall 3 has indirectly brought Tesla back into the solar business, as the home battery pack features an inverter that works for both solar and storage applications.
EnergySage is a company that matches solar installers with potential buyers, and as a result, it has a wealth of interesting data about the solar industry in the US. Today, it released its Spring 2025 Marketplace report.
In the report, EnergySage revealed that Tesla became the second-most quoted inverter brand in the second half of last year:
Tesla became the most quoted battery brand in H2 2024, occupying 63% of Marketplace share nationwide. Because the Powerwall 3 includes an integrated inverter, Tesla also became the second-most quoted inverter brand. With batteries increasingly being added to solar systems—the national battery attachment rate jumped to 45% in H2 2024, an all-time high—Tesla’s growth was a key driver of the low storage and solar prices seen on EnergySage. In 2025, we are examining whether brand backlash and equipment shortages will affect Tesla’s Marketplace share.
This is also a byproduct of the increased popularity of energy storage systems when deploying new solar systems.
In big solar markets like California and Texas, the majority of residential solar quotes are attached to batteries, and Tesla is not the top quoted brand, thanks to Powerwall 3:
Powerwall was already the preferred home battery pack for many homeowners, and the fact that it now includes a solar inverter has made it even more attractive, as most home energy storage systems in the US are being deployed along with rooftop solar.
The Powerwall 3’s solar inverter integration is pushing solar plus storage costs down quite a bit.
The popularity of the Powerwall 3 has particularly hurt Enphase, a leader in solar inverter. It had 73% of the US market in 2022, and now it is down to 53%.
Despite Tesla driving prices down, Powerwall 3 is not the cheapest battery pack available. Panasonic and EG4 batteries were both priced lower on a per kWh basis than Tesla’s in the second half of 2024, but Tesla won on cost when also replacing the solar inverter.
However, it’s not all good news from Tesla. EnergySage also recently reported an increase in customers requesting alternatives to Powerwalls in 2025, partly due to Elon Musk’s increasing controversy.
If you’re interested in installing solar panels and/or batteries for your home, we recommend using EnergySage. You will be able to get quotes without any hassle and only talk to someone when you are ready to move forward. Within minutes, you can get on the path to producing your own power with solar and battery storage, including with Powerwall.
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