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IceCube Neutrino Observatory sits beneath a green aurora in the icy Antarctic (Image credit: IceCube/ NSF)

Scientists have traced the galactic origins of thousands of “ghost particles” known as neutrinos to create the first-ever portrait of the Milky Way made from matter and not light — and it’s given them a brand-new way to study the universe.

The groundbreaking image was snapped by capturing the neutrinos as they fell through the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a gigantic detector buried deep inside the South Pole’s ice.

Neutrinos earn their spooky nickname because their nonexistent electrical charge and almost-zero mass mean they barely interact with other types of matter. As such, neutrinos fly straight through regular matter at close to the speed of light. 

Related: Ghostly neutrino particles are blasting out of a nearby galaxy, and scientists aren’t sure why

Yet by slowing these neutrinos, physicists have finally traced the particles’ origins billions of light-years away to ancient, cataclysmic stellar explosions and cosmic-ray collisions. The researchers published their findings June 29 in the journal Science.

“The capabilities provided by the highly sensitive IceCube detector, coupled with new data analysis tools, have given us an entirely new view of our galaxy — one that had only been hinted at before,” Denise Caldwell, director of the National Science Foundation’s physics division, which funded the research, said in a statement. “As these capabilities continue to be refined, we can look forward to watching this picture emerge with ever-increasing resolution, potentially revealing hidden features of our galaxy never before seen by humanity.”

Two images of the Milky Way galaxy. The top was made with visible light and the bottom with neutrinos. (Image credit: IceCube Collaboration/U.S. National Science Foundation (Lily Le & Shawn Johnson)/ESO (S. Brunier)) How to catch a ghost particle

Every second, about 100 billion neutrinos pass through each square centimeter of your body. The tiny particles are everywhere — produced in the nuclear fire of stars, in enormous supernova explosions, by cosmic rays and radioactive decay, and in particle accelerators and nuclear reactors on Earth. In fact, neutrinos, which were first discovered zipping out of a nuclear reactor in 1956, are second only to photons as the most abundant subatomic particles in the universe.

Despite their ubiquity, the chargeless and near-massless particles’ minimal interactions with other matter make neutrinos incredibly difficult to detect. Many famous neutrino-detection experiments have spotted the steady bombardment of neutrinos sent to us from the sun, but this cascade also masks neutrinos from more unusual sources, such as gigantic star explosions called supernovas and particle showers produced by cosmic rays.

To capture the neutrinos, particle physicists turned to IceCube, located at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica. The gigantic detector consists of more than 5,000 optical sensors beaded across 86 strings that dangle into holes drilled up to 1.56 miles (2.5 kilometers) into the Antarctic ice.

The view down one of IceCube’s 86 detector strings, which dangle in holes drilled up to 1.56 miles into the ice.  (Image credit: NSF/B. Gudbjartsson.)

While many neutrinos pass completely unimpeded through the Earth, they do occasionally interact with water molecules, creating particle byproducts called muons that can be witnessed as flashes of light inside the detector’s sensors. From the patterns these flashes make, scientists can reconstruct the energy, and sometimes the sources, of the neutrinos.

Finding a neutrino’s starting point depends on how clear its direction is recorded in the detector; some have very obvious initial directions, whereas others produce cascading “fuzz balls of light” that obscure their origins, lead author Naoko Kurahashi Neilson, a physicist at Drexel University in Philadelphia, said in the statement.RELATED STORIES—Astronomers propose making a neutrino detector out of the Pacific Ocean

—Weird neutrino behavior could explain long-standing antimatter mystery

—The 18 biggest unsolved mysteries in physics

By feeding more than 60,000 detected neutrino cascades collected over 10 years into a machine-learning algorithm, the physicists built up a stunning picture: an ethereal, blue-tinged image showing the neutrinos’ sources all across our galaxy.

The map showed that the neutrinos were being overwhelmingly produced in regions with previously detected high gamma-ray counts, confirming past suspicions that many ghost particles are summoned as byproducts of cosmic rays smashing into interstellar gas. It also left the physicists awestruck.

“I remember saying, ‘At this point in human history, we’re the first ones to see our galaxy in anything other than light,'” Neilson said.

Just like previous revolutionary advances such as radio astronomy, infrared astronomy and gravitational wave detection, neutrino mapping has given us a completely new way to peer out into the universe. Now, it’s time to see what we find.

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UK

Cambridge hospital accused of ‘covering up’ concerns about suspended surgeon a decade ago

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Cambridge hospital accused of 'covering up' concerns about suspended surgeon a decade ago

One of the country’s leading hospitals has been accused of covering up concerns about a surgeon made a decade before she was eventually suspended.

Kuldeep Stohr was suspended from Addenbrooke’s Hospital in January this year after a review found issues with some of her surgeries – with the Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (CUH) later saying it was reviewing the care of 800 patients.

A joint investigation by Sky News and The Sunday Times found the trust may have downplayed previous concerns, with a report identifying issues with Ms Stohr back in 2016.

A senior source at the hospital said children were “severely permanently harmed”, and “some of the cases are horrendous”. They said the damage could have been avoided and told Sky News there was “the impression of a cover up”.

Kuldeep Stohr was suspended in January this year
Image:
Kuldeep Stohr was suspended in January this year

In one case, a child injured in a car accident was left with a broken arm for 11 days after Ms Stohr failed to spot it.

Concerns were first raised in 2015, with the CUH commissioning an external expert to examine several of Ms Stohr’s patients and their treatment.

A letter shared between staff at the time – and seen by Sky News – says the trust was satisfied the report did not raise any concerns.

But a copy of the report, obtained by Sky News and The Sunday Times, shows it did identify “technical issues” with the surgeries of multiple patients.

Now questions are being asked about why the hospital didn’t act sooner.

Ms Stohr allegedly told Oliver's family to leave his care "in the hands of God"
Image:
Ms Stohr allegedly told Oliver’s family to leave his care “in the hands of God”

One patient, whose son was treated by the surgeon in 2018, says she is “angry” she was not listened to at the time after she raised concerns about Ms Stohr’s conduct.

Ms Stohr said: “I always strive to provide the highest standards of care to all my patients. I am cooperating fully with the trust investigation and it would not be appropriate to comment further at this time.”

Dr Susan Broster, chief medical officer at Cambridge University Hospitals said the trust “apologise unreservedly to all the patients and families we have let down”.

She added that patients who were considered in the 2016 report also form part of the latest clinical review: “We have spoken to those patients and families and offered to meet them in person.”

It is not clear if those patients were contacted at the time of the first report.

‘Some of the cases are horrendous’

A source at the hospital said the damage was “all avoidable” while “the lives of children and families have been ruined”.

“Stohr destroyed people’s lives by performing very poor surgery. She destroyed some hip joints,” they said.

The confidential report was written in 2016
Image:
The confidential report was written in 2016

But they said staff felt they were “bullied and intimidated when they tried to raise concerns”, and were told the initial 2016 report showed no issues with Ms Stohr.

“I consider that these cases have been properly investigated and am reassured that there is no concern about Kuldeep’s practice,” said a letter sent to staff from the trust in 2016.

“I have the impression there has been a cover up,” the source told Sky News.

Dr Broster, from the CUH, said the trust had commissioned Verita, a specialist investigations company, to carry out an independent investigation to see if issues could have been addressed sooner – but added that it would be inappropriate to comment further while the review was ongoing.

She said the trust would publish the findings of the Verita report and said it was “committed to implementing the findings and recommendations in full”, with the initial findings expected by the autumn.

‘Technical errors’: What the 2016 report said

The doctor who authored the 2016 report wrote he had “some anxieties about the technical aspects” of one patient’s operation.

He highlighted “technical error[s]” on several other operations.

The report author wrote he had "some anxieties" about one surgery
Image:
The report author wrote he had “some anxieties” about one surgery

Some patients were “difficult cases” where “decision making was broadly correct”, and issues were not found with each one.

On one patient, the report said an issue that arose was a “known complication and does not indicate poor care. These were difficult hips”.

The report also cited a “divided apartment of paediatric orthopaedics” in which “discussion of difficult cases and mutual support does not exist”.

But the report did say Ms Stohr did not always order CT scans after operations took place.

It said all cases of DDH (Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip) surgery should have an MRI or CT scan after the operation had been completed.

The report found "issues" with some of the surgeries
Image:
The report found “issues” with some of the surgeries

Two reports, nine years apart

Ms Stohr was suspended this year with a 2025 report highlighting similar concerns, including around post-op imaging.

The 2025 findings said one procedure – a pelvic osteotomy, where the pelvic bone is cut and reshaped to improve the alignment of the hip joint – was one “Ms Stohr appears to find difficult”.

It also raised concerns that Ms Stohr “frequently operates on her own”, or with more junior members of staff.

“There have clearly been cases when technical issues arose during surgery where the presence of a consultant colleague may have been helpful,” the latest report said.

It also said the lack of imaging at the end of procedures “is inexplicable and not the standard of care”.

Catherine Slattery, senior associate at Irwin Mitchell who is representing some of the affected families, said both reports showed “similar themes”.

“Clearly things have got much worse in 2025. So, the question is, what could have been done in 2016 to have prevented this from happening?” she said.

Catherine Slattery is representing a number of families affected
Image:
Catherine Slattery is representing a number of families affected

Issues, such as Ms Stohr not ordering bone scans, were “very strange”, she added.

“But if we take the individual out, why has nobody else noticed that every other surgeon in the team has been ordering scans, but one person hasn’t?”

But she said the trust has “been playing catch up”: “[It] only seems to be taking steps when they are being prompted to do so by people like me, or journalists, or other people asking difficult questions – or even the local MP having to ask difficult questions.”

‘Leave it in the hands of God’

Seven-year-old Oliver Muhlhausen has constant foot pain – and it’s getting worse.

He was born with a severe deformity which Ms Stohr said didn’t need to be operated on.

Oliver has been left in constant agony after Ms Stohr refused to operate on him
Image:
Oliver has been left in constant agony after Ms Stohr refused to operate on him

Oliver was seen by the specialist surgeon in 2018, but his mother, Nicola, claims she was told: “There is no operation within my remits or that I can or am willing to perform, go away and leave it in the hands of God.”

The family eventually sought a second opinion, moving to be treated at a different hospital, but said Oliver has been left in “constant agony”.

“I’ve been told that if she had done something sooner or even attempted to do something sooner then he probably would have stood a bit better chance than what he’s currently going through.”

Nicola said she “upset and angry” at not being listened to, especially considering concerns were raised internally two years before her son became a patient of Ms Stohr.

“I cannot understand why something was not done sooner, because clearly there were issues,” she said, adding that hospital staff “need to be held accountable”.

Oliver and his mother, Nicole
Image:
Oliver and his mother, Nicola

She filed a formal complaint in 2019 but said this was “brushed under the carpet”.

In response to her complaint at the time, the trust said Ms Stohr “would like to apologise unreservedly for her failures of clear communication”.

‘Life could be different now’

Ellise Kingsley is now 24 and cannot walk for long periods of time – she is left in daily pain and distress.

She is not one of the 800 cases currently being examined by the CUH but was operated on by Ms Stohr in 2012 and 2016.

She said, had the 2016 report been acted on, life could be very different for her now.

“It is upsetting to think that I could have had a completely different lifestyle as such in the last ten years,” she said.

Ellise Kingsley was operated on by Ms Stohr twice
Image:
Ellise Kingsley was operated on by Ms Stohr twice

“I wouldn’t have had to even think about my foot now at 24.

“It stresses me out actually to think that there was a chance for change, but change didn’t happen.”

Pippa Heylings, MP for South Cambridgeshire, said it was an “anxious and distressing time for all involved”, and called on Addenbrooke’s Hospital to be “open and transparent” as well as independent.

She said: “The hospital cannot be seen to be marking its own homework. It is crucial for all to come forward with relevant information and evidence including whistleblowers with no fear of consequence or retaliation.”

The CUH said it has set up a dedicated Patient and Family Liaison Team, and encourages anyone concerned about their care to call the dedicated helpline on 0808 175 6331 or email CUH.helpline@nhs.net.

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Sports

Pickard injured, Skinner to start Gm. 3 for Oilers

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Pickard injured, Skinner to start Gm. 3 for Oilers

EDMONTON, Alberta — The Oilers switched goaltenders for Game 3 of their second-round playoff series against the Golden Knights, with Stuart Skinner replacing Calvin Pickard for Saturday night.

Pickard, who took over as Edmonton’s starter during a first-round series against the Los Angeles Kings, was day-to-day, Oilers coach Kris Knoblauch said.

Pickard was stellar in Edmonton’s 5-4 overtime win in Game 2 with 28 saves, but he appeared uncomfortable in the third period and was seen shaking out his left leg.

He replaced regular-season starter Skinner when the Oilers trailed the Kings 2-0 in the first round. Edmonton won six in a row with Pickard in net and took a 2-0 series lead home from Las Vegas to Rogers Place. Skinner is 19-17 in career playoff games with the Oilers.

Also on Saturday, Golden Knights coach Bruce Cassidy told reporters that defenseman Brayden McNabb and forward Brandon Saad are both out of the lineup and considered day-to-day.

McNabb exited Game 2 after receiving a check to the boards by Oilers forward Viktor Arvidsson in overtime. Saad is being held out with an undisclosed ailment.

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

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UK

Migration must be ‘properly controlled’ says home secretary – as sweeping reforms unveiled

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Migration must be 'properly controlled' says home secretary - as sweeping reforms unveiled

The government is set to roll out sweeping reforms to the immigration system.

The skilled visa threshold will be raised to require a graduate qualification and a higher salary threshold, under plans outlined in an immigration white paper that will be presented in parliament on Monday.

For jobs below this level, access to the immigration system will be “time-limited” and only granted if there are shortages “critical to the industrial strategy”.

Strategies to increase domestic skills and recruitment would also need to be drawn up, with a labour market evidence group set to be established to identify sectors “overly reliant on overseas labour”.

Under the plans to reduce net migration to the UK, employers will be told that they must train workers in the UK rather than turn to immigration to solve labour shortages.

Net migration – the difference between the number of people immigrating and emigrating to a country – soared when the UK left the EU in January 2020.

It reached 903,000 in the year to June 2023 before falling to 728,000 in mid-2024.

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Has Labour tackled migration?

Home Secretary Yvette Cooper has blamed overseas recruitment for the rise in net migration over the last four years after Labour inherited a “failed” immigration system from the previous government.

“Migration must be properly controlled and managed so the system is fair,” Ms Cooper said.

Read more on immigration:
Crackdown on visas for certain nationalities
‘Migrant hub’ plan will send alarm bells clanging

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Lack of UK training ‘big driver of net migration’ says Ms Cooper

Ms Cooper added: “Overseas recruitment soared at the same time as big increases in the number of people not working or in education here in the UK.

“The last government lost control of the immigration system and there was no proper plan to tackle skills shortages here at home.

“Under our Plan for Change, we are taking decisive action to restore control and order to the immigration system, raise domestic training and skills, and bring down net migration while promoting economic growth.”

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Meanwhile, the Conservatives will try to force a vote in parliament on capping the number of non-visitor visas that can be issued.

The party is trying to amend the Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Bill, which if accepted would give the government the power to cap visas in line with the country’s needs, and allow them to be revoked if the limit is exceeded.

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Is UK net migration falling or rising?

The Tories are also behind a separate amendment to the same bill which would look to disapply the Human Rights Act in asylum and deportation cases.

Responding to the government’s white paper, shadow home secretary Chris Philp said “fixing Britain’s migration crisis requires a new radical approach. Labour had the opportunity to do this and have failed”.

He added: “If Labour were serious about immigration, they’d back our binding immigration cap and back our plan to repeal the entire Human Rights Act from immigration matters. But they have got no grip, no guts and no plan.”

Home Secretary Yvette Cooper, shadow home secretary Chris Philp and Reform UK deputy leader Richard Tice will be among the guests on Sky News’ Trevor Phillips on Sunday show from 8.30am today.

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