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By Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta, Ph.D. Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc.

Understanding nanomedicines
Nanomedicine in hepatic fibrosis diagnosis
Nanomedicine in hepatic fibrosis treatment
Nanomedicine in drug delivery  
Nanomedicine in targeted drug delivery  
Future perspectives
References
Further reading

Hepatic fibrosis is an abnormal wound-healing response triggered by chronic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, viral or alcoholic hepatitis, and Wilson’s disease. The response is characterized by excessive synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, which can further trigger the development of liver cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer.

Image Credit: Shidlovski/Shutterstock.com

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) account for 13% of total liver cells. These cells are activated and transformed into myofibroblasts in response to liver injury. Activation of these cells is a major hallmark of hepatic fibrosis.

Many therapeutic approaches are emerging to inhibit the development of hepatic fibrosis. These approaches include anti-inflammatory and hepato-protective strategies, inhibition of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and proliferation, inhibition of ECM synthesis and induction of ECM degradation, and gene therapy.

Despite promising outcomes in preclinical trials, most of the anti-hepatic fibrosis drugs fail to show desired efficacy in human clinical trials. The complex and multifactorial pathophysiology of hepatic fibrosis is the main reason behind treatment failure. Moreover, higher dosage of these drugs is associated with many health adversities. This highlights the need to develop novel therapeutic interventions for hepatic fibrosis. Understanding nanomedicines 

Nanomedicine refers to the application of nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Various nanotechnology-based methods have been developed to design, modify, and apply small-diameter nanoparticles (10-500 nanometers) for therapeutic purposes.

Nanomedicines have a high potential for targeted drug delivery. Nanoparticles can be used to develop cell- or tissue-specific devices that enable precise delivery of drugs at the disease site. Moreover, physicochemical characteristics of nano-drug carriers, such as size, shape, and surface properties, can be modified to enable targeted drug delivery. Nanomedicine in hepatic fibrosis diagnosis

Nanomedicine has shown promising outcomes in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound imaging and blood testing are standard approaches for hepatic fibrosis diagnosis. However, these methods lack diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, invasive biopsy-based diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis is associated with tissue damage.

The use of magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown promising outcomes in hepatic fibrosis diagnosis. Dextran-stabilized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and citrate-coated ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles are used as MRI contrast agents to diagnose hepatic fibrosis accurately.

Image Credit: VesnaArt/Shutterstock.com Related StoriesImmunoregulatory nanomedicines for the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseasesEffects of nanoparticles on gouty arthritis in animal models of goutExploring biodistribution of cannabidiol nanoparticles and nanoemulsion after intrathecal administration

Iron nanoparticles and indocyanine green are used as photographic developers in MRI and near-infrared imaging, respectively. For targeting HSCs and early detection of hepatic fibrosis, a construct has been formed by coating iron nanoparticles with silicon dioxide and then coupling it with arginine–glycine–aspartic acid. Near-infrared fluorescence and MRI have shown that the construct can precisely identify fibrotic regions in the liver.   

A novel contrast agent for MRI has been developed using zero-valent iron-based nanoparticles. The contrast agent has been functionalized with liver polysaccharide pullulan and fluorescent carbon dots to obtain a dual imaging contrast agent, which has shown high efficacy in targeted liver imaging and optical imaging.

Besides MRI contrast agents, ultrasound agents combined with targeting peptides have been developed for early and non-invasive diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis. High-contrast images of fibrotic regions and adjacent tissues in the liver have been obtained by conducting ultrasound imaging using PLGA polymer-coated and cyclic RGD peptide-modified core–shell perfluorooctyl bromide.        Nanomedicine in hepatic fibrosis treatment  

Inorganic nanoparticles with distinct bioactive properties can be used as therapeutic agents for hepatic fibrosis. Titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles have been found to inhibit the expression and induce the degradation of collagen I. Moreover, they exhibit anti-adhesive and anti-migratory effects, which collectively make them suitable agents to treat hepatic fibrosis.

In animals, manganese oxide nanoparticles with antioxidant properties and cerium oxide nanoparticles with anti-inflammatory properties have been found to reduce liver steatosis, portal hypertension, and liver fibrosis. Similarly, gold nanoparticles have been found to inhibit HSC activation and prevent hepatic fibrosis in animals. Nanomedicine in drug delivery   

Nanoparticles are widely used as drug carriers for treating hepatic fibrosis. The most efficient drug carriers are lipid-based nanoparticles because of their good biocompatibility and low toxicity.

Studies using mouse hepatic fibrosis models have shown that cationic lipid nanoparticles loaded with procollagen gene-targeting siRNA can be retained in the liver to specifically inhibit procollagen expression and prevent hepatic fibrosis progression without side effects.

PLGA and eudragit nanoparticles have been used to deliver phyllanthin and silymarin, respectively, to reduce liver damage markers, inhibit inflammation, and prevent hepatic fibrosis.

High biocompatibility and low immunogenicity make protein-based nanoparticles a promising drug carrier for treating hepatic fibrosis. Curcumin-loaded zein nanospheres have shown high potency in reducing expressions of collagen I and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in fibrotic liver.

Human serum albumin has been used to deliver dexamethasone nanoparticles to non-parenchymal hepatic cells, which play crucial roles in hepatic fibrosis pathogenesis. Similarly, glucose-modified albumin nanoparticles loaded with berberine have been found to inhibit HSC proliferation more efficiently and prevent hepatic fibrosis than berberine alone. Nanomedicine in targeted drug delivery   

Different nano-formulations have been designed for targeted drug delivery in hepatic fibrosis. For targeted inhibition of HSCs and prevention of hepatic fibrosis, liposome-based formulations loaded with anti-fibrotic drugs and HSC-targeting components have been developed. Similarly, polymer-based nanoparticles coupled with vitamin A have been developed to target HSCs specifically.

Cyclic peptide-modified liposomes and CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100-conjugated liposomes have been developed to target HSCs. Besides HSCs, various nano-formulations have been designed to target hepatic macrophages, which play vital roles in hepatic fibrosis pathogenesis. Future perspectives

Strategies that can be adopted to increase the clinical application of nanomedicine in hepatic fibrosis include the development of highly sensitive nanomedicine systems that can respond to endogenous and exogenous stimuli and release payload at target sites.

Long-term toxicity, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics of nanomedicine systems should also be investigated systematically.       References  Bai X., et al. 2020. Recent Advances in Nanomedicine for the Diagnosis and Therapy of Liver Fibrosis. Nanomaterials. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7599596/  Tan Z., et al. 2021. Liver Fibrosis: Therapeutic Targets and Advances in Drug Therapy. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.730176/full  Singh S., et al. 2023. Understanding the Potential Role of Nanotechnology in Liver Fibrosis: A Paradigm in Therapeutics. Molecules. https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/6/2811  

Further ReadingAll Nanomedicine ContentApplications of NanomicellesInhaled Nanomedicines and Pulmonary DiseaseNanodelivery Drug SystemsNanoencapsulation in PharmaceuticalsMore…

Last Updated: Dec 13, 2023

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In Washington DC and Gaza two very different families are united by one very rare disease

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In Washington DC and Gaza two very different families are united by one very rare disease

It is a paradox that humanity at its very worst so often also brings out its very best too.

This is a story about the kindness of strangers. It’s a story about hope over hopelessness. It’s about the war in Gaza but also about the rarest of diseases.

It is about two families in worlds far apart. It is a story about two little girls, Julia and Annabel.

I don’t yet know how it will end. But this is how it started.

It was two weeks ago when my phone pinged: a message on Instagram from a friend-of-a-friend. Her name is Nina Frost.

Nina and I first met a few years ago at a party in Washington DC where she had told me about her daughter Annabel, a little girl with an ultra-rare genetic disorder called AHC.

I remember Nina explaining how it was a disease like no other.

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‘The human time bomb disease’ she had called it, based on the all-consuming parental nightmare that their little girl could have a fatal seizure at any moment.

Image:
The Frost family

I’ve followed Nina’s Instagram, @HopeForAnnabel since we first met.

The good news is that Annabel is doing well, albeit with that eternal danger hanging over her. She requires constant care, attention and love.

Nina’s message to me wasn’t about her own daughter. It was about another little girl, in Gaza.

Rare diseases like AHC, which stands for Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood, generate tight networks; the families living with the condition. Only about 1,000 people worldwide have been diagnosed with AHC. It really is rare.

“There is a little girl stuck in Gaza with the disease,” Nina wrote to me.

“Julia is three – after the last few months she has become paralyzed and unable to eat as her symptoms have worsened dramatically. We are desperate to help as she is massively vulnerable – literally on the brink of death.”

Julia Abu Zaiter is from northern Gaza originally. But with her father Amjad, her mother Maha and her older sister Sham, she was forced south by the Israeli military.
Image:
Julia’s mother administers medication

Nina told me how she and her husband, Simon, are trying to organise the impossible: to get specialist drugs into Gaza and, ultimately, to try to get Julia and her family out.

Nina was modest about an endeavour that I now know has been all-consuming and expensive.

To tell this remarkable story of kindness and hope, I asked Nina to share with me Julia’s father’s number. Our local colleagues in Gaza then tracked the family down to a tent in the southern city of Rafah.

Julia Abu Zaiter is from northern Gaza originally. But with her father Amjad, her mother Maha and her older sister Sham, she was forced south by the Israeli military.

“My girl is three and a half years old. I want her to go out and play with the other children. Now, she cannot move at all,” Julia’s mother told our team, cradling her severely disabled little girl.

Rare diseases like AHC, which stands for Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood, generate tight networks; the families living with the condition. Only about 1000 people worldwide have been diagnosed with AHC. It really is rare.
Image:
Annabel Frost

Rafah is on Gaza’s southern border with Egypt. Safety is so close and yet beyond reach unless the right strings are pulled with different authorities and governments in a labyrinth of wartime bureaucracy.

The images filmed by our team confirm what Nina had feared in her message to me.

Julia and her family are in the toughest of conditions. The house next to the tent was bombed a few days before our team visited.

The Abu Zaiters are now stuck in the city that could be the next battlefield and with a daughter whose condition is compounded by just the slightest stress, a little girl with, as Nina had told me, the ‘time bomb disease’.

“I told myself ‘it’s over, my girl is gone’,” Julia’s mother told our Gaza team, showing them Julia’s semi-paralysed state.

“Then a man named Simon contacted us and told us he will see if he can help, because his daughter’s situation is similar to mine.”

Five thousand miles away, and a world apart, in a leafy northwest suburb of Washington DC, I am now sitting with Simon, Nina and Annabel.

Julia Abu Zaiter
Image:
Julia Abu Zaiter

It is humbling to listen to their words – about their own daughter, but about their fight for a stranger too.

“Annabel lives with the most challenging condition that we can imagine – a neurological degeneration – and she lives with it with a smile on her face,” Simon says. “And we’re imagining the same for Julia in the most dire of circumstances.”

We look at videos of Julia which Amjad has sent to Simon.

“Our kids are all so similar… we feel a sense of connection to so many families and our world of rare disease,” Nina tells me.

“This is like that but on steroids. I mean, we feel so distressed for the situation that they’re facing.”

“Julia’s circumstances are exponentially worse, but I think we’ve always embraced the idea that we can do something to help, we must do something to help and that we should. I mean, I think it’s always been if not us, then who?” Nina adds.

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Amjad’s message highlights concerns he has about his daughter. He is looking for reassurance from Simon.

Julia is experiencing some severe paralysis and via a translated SMS and a few photos, Amjad wants some encouragement which Simon can’t give.

“They don’t have the medicines they need and the doctors that they need to really treat and properly prevent episodes and to address them when she has them,” Simon says.

“So we’ve been trying to gather a group that can support her. It’s been constant communication and really difficult with the translation issues,” Simon tells me.

Over in Gaza, Julia’s mum is desperate. “Our conditions due to the war are below zero.

“Our situation is horrible. I cannot provide my daughter with any food or drinks. I can get medications through lots of difficulty, and I tell myself that getting these medications is more important than getting food for us.”

Rare diseases like AHC, which stands for Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood, generate tight networks; the families living with the condition. Only about 1000 people worldwide have been diagnosed with AHC. It really is rare.
Image:
The Frosts speak to Sky’s Mark Stone

Against the odds, Simon has managed to coordinate with the right people to get the right medication into Gaza for Julia.

Through the tight AHC network, one doctor has prompted another who knows another and another. That’s how this works. Threads of kindness stitched together.

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Now the challenge is getting Julia out to Egypt and then on a medical flight to Abu Dhabi. It will be hard, maybe impossible.

“And it seems like she’s really declined,” Nina says looking at the latest videos of Julia.

“I mean, it seems like exactly what we would have predicted has happened. She has gone from being a happy three-year-old with a profoundly difficult disease to being this shell of herself.”

“I feel like I am losing her,” Maha says with Julia in her arms. “She is dying right next to me and I cannot even do anything. The thing I fear the most is losing my daughter.”

There is some chance of an extraction to safety soon. It is not guaranteed but it is some hope for one little girl in a place where uncertainty is all around.

This is a story about two families worlds apart but bound by a disease.

I don’t yet know how it will end. This may feel sometimes like a world of hopelessness, but I have some hope.

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Rishi Sunak urges Tories to stick with his leadership after party suffers shock election losses

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Rishi Sunak urges Tories to stick with his leadership after party suffers shock election losses

Rishi Sunak has urged Tories to stick with his leadership despite the Conservatives’ shock defeat in the West Midlands mayoral election, which capped a dire few days of results for the party.

Sir Keir Starmer called it a “phenomenal result” which was “beyond our expectations” as Labour’s Richard Parker ousted Tory incumbent Andy Street, who had held the role for seven years.

The margin of victory was a cruelly tight 1,508 votes, and compounded Conservative disappointment as it followed another loss to Sadiq Khan in London, who secured a record-breaking third term as the capital’s mayor.

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The mayoral election results

“People across the country have had enough of Conservative chaos and decline and voted for change with Labour. Our fantastic new mayor Richard Parker stands ready to deliver a fresh start for the West Midlands,” Sir Keir said.

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‘Devastated’ Andy Street refuses to blame Sunak after West Midlands defeat

However, in an effort to win back those who had deserted his party over Labour’s stance on Gaza, he added: “I say directly to those who may have voted Labour in the past but felt that on this occasion that they couldn’t that across the West Midlands we are a proud and diverse community.

“I have heard you. I have listened. And I am determined to meet your concerns and to gain your respect and trust again in the future.”

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Labour suffered losses to independents and George Galloway’s Worker’s Party of Britain in areas with large Islamic populations as a result of the war between Israel and Hamas.

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Starmer speaks at East Midlands victory rally

But the party virtually swept the mayoral elections board across England, winning in Liverpool, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and in Greater Manchester, where Andy Burnham returned to power.

The Tees Valley was the only remaining splash of blue left on the mayoral election map, where Lord Ben Houchen managed to cling to power despite a huge 14.1-point swing to Labour.

Lord Houchen’s victory was also mired by allegations he had sought to distance himself from Rishi Sunak and the Conservative Party at large during his campaign.

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Sadiq Khan re-elected as London Mayor

Losing Mr Street, who is widely respected in the Tory Party and had an impressive track record of bringing investment into the West Midlands, is a body blow to the prime minister.

Despite the drubbing, Mr Sunak urged his party to stick with his leadership and his plan for government.

In a statement, he said: “It’s been disappointing of course to lose dedicated Conservative councillors and Andy Street in the West Midlands, with his track record of providing great public services and attracting significant investment to the area, but that has redoubled my resolve to continue to make progress on our plan.

“So we will continue working as hard as ever to take the fight to Labour and deliver a brighter future for our country.”

Pic: Reuters
Image:
Rishi Sunak with Tees Valley mayor Lord Ben Houchen Pic: Reuters

However, Suella Braverman, the former home secretary, was quick to lay the blame for Tory losses firmly at the door of Number 10.

But she said ousting Mr Sunak “won’t work”, adding: “The hole to dig us out of is the PM’s, and it’s time for him to start shovelling.”

She urged him to adopt “strong leadership, not managerialism” on tax, migration, small boats, and law and order.

But Mr Street took a different view, encouraging the party not to veer to the right.

Asked if he is worried the party is drifting to the right and over-emphasising the threat from Reform UK while “ignoring other voters”, the outgoing mayor told Sky News: “I would definitely not advise that drift.

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Analysis of local election and mayoral results

Read more:
Charts tell story of Conservative collapse
Who is the new West Midlands mayor Richard Parker?

“The psychology here is really very straightforward, isn’t it? This is the youngest, most diverse, one of the most urban places in Britain, and we’ve done, many would say, extremely well over a consistent period,” Mr Street said.

“The message is clear: winning from that centre ground is what happens.”

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‘We will give this region a fresh start’ – Labour’s Richard Parker

Results are in from 106 of the 107 councils in England that held elections on 2 May, and Labour has won 1,140 seats, an increase of more than 200.

The Liberal Democrats beat the Tories into second place, winning 521 seats, up nearly 100.

The Tories were just behind on 513 seats, down nearly 400.

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Politics

Bitfinex database breach ‘seems fake,’ says CTO

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<div>Bitfinex database breach 'seems fake,' says CTO</div>

Bitfinex CTO Paolo Ardoino explained that if the hacking group was telling the truth, they would have asked for a ransom, but he “couldn’t find any request.”

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