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The sweet debate
Exploring artificial options
Nature's sweetness
Sweetener safety and health
Beyond taste and health
Sweet decisions
References 
Further reading

Artificial and natural sweeteners are popular sugar substitutes. While artificial sweeteners promise zero calories, their health effects are controversial.

Natural sweeteners, such as honey and stevia, offer a healthier alternative but still require moderation. Ultimately, making informed dietary choices about sugar substitutes is critical to overall health and wellness.

Image Credit: Pheelings media/Shutterstock.com The sweet debate

Artificial sweeteners are chemically synthesized sugar substitutes designed to provide the sweetness of sugar without the calories and potential blood sugar spikes.1 Common examples include aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin, which are often found in "diet" or "zero-calorie" beverages and low-sugar processed foods.1

Natural alternatives, on the other hand, are sweeteners derived from natural sources, such as plants or fruits. They include stevia, honey, agave nectar, and more.1,2 Although these sweeteners contain calories, they often have a lower glycemic index than regular sugar, meaning they're less likely to spike blood sugar levels.1,2

The prevalence of these molecules in the modern diet is hard to ignore. Fueled by a global push toward healthier eating and weight management, their use has skyrocketed; the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) alone has approved six artificial sweeteners and designated several natural alternatives as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS).3

In addition to providing a lower-calorie alternative to sugar, these sweeteners allow people with diabetes to enjoy sweet-tasting foods without disturbing their blood sugar levels.3 However, the health implications are still a topic of much debate, underscoring the need to make informed dietary choices. Exploring artificial options

Six artificial sugar substitutes have been approved by the FDA:

Saccharin (Sweet and Low, Sweet Twin, Sweet'N Low, and Necta Sweet), aspartame (Nutrasweet, Equal, and Sugar Twin), acesulfame potassium (Sunett and Sweet One), sucralose (Splenda), neotame (Newtame), and advantame (Advantame).3

They typically have a more complex chemical structure than regular sugar, as they are synthetically-made compounds that contain nitrogen, chlorine, and sulfur elements. The most common are aspartame and sucralose.1

Aspartame is known for its intense sweetness and low-calorie profile. It is made up of aspartic acid and phenylalanine.4 When metabolized, it breaks down into these amino acids and a small amount of methanol. Although it is up to 200 times sweeter than sugar, it provides zero calories.4

Sucralose is another high-intensity artificial sweetener that is about 600 times sweeter than sugar.1,4 It is chemically produced by sucrose chlorination. Sucralose remains stable under heat and over a wide range of pH conditions. That's why it's ideal for use in cooking or processed foods.1,4 These sweeteners underwent a rigorous approval process before they came to market.5

The FDA5 and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)6 take strict measures to ensure the safety of artificial sweeteners entering the market.5,6 The approval process begins when a manufacturer submits a detailed application for food ingredient approval, including scientific research and evidence to support the product's safety. 5,6

The agencies then review the evidence and compare the cumulative dietary exposure estimate with toxicological information on the sweeteners. 5,6 If the substance meets the standards, it is approved.  However, its safety continues to be monitored. 5,6

It's also important to remember that each sweetener has an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), an estimate of the amount of a substance a person can consume daily over a lifetime without health risks.4-6 Often, these limits far exceed the amounts people consume. 4-6 Difference Between Artificial Sweeteners And Real Sugar Play Nature's sweetness

In addition to their enhanced sweetness, natural sweeteners have a unique and rich nutritional profile.  Stevia, for example, is a zero-calorie sweetener derived from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, but its high-intensity sweetness doesn't affect blood sugar levels.4 Another example is Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle fruit extract, commonly known as monk fruit/luo han guo.4

Then there's thaumatin, a natural sweetener derived from the fruit of the West African katemfe fruit.4 It's estimated to be 2000 times sweeter than sugar but has a different flavor profile that includes lingering sweetness and delayed onset.4

In the case of honey and maple syrup, these two natural sweeteners are composed primarily of fructose and glucose and have a moderate effect on blood sugar levels, but have interesting antioxidant and antibacterial properties.7,8 Sweetener safety and health

Scientific evidence shows that the health effects of artificial sweeteners vary. Aspartame, for example, is metabolized to methanol, which at high levels can lead to toxic health effects and has been linked to the development of cancer.4,9 On the other hand, sucralose (Splenda) has been associated with gut permeability and changes in the microbiota, negative modulation of T-cell responses, inflammation, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity.9-11

The WHO's risk assessment of aspartame concluded that there was limited evidence to change the ADI previously established.12 In the case of sucralose and the rest of the sweeteners (natural and synthetic), the WHO recommended against their consumption for weight loss unless the individual suffers from pre-existing diabetes.13 Beyond taste and health

It is important to note that dietary choices about sweeteners can have an impact beyond health. The production of artificial sweeteners often involves complex, energy-intensive industrial processes that contribute to a larger carbon footprint.

They have also recently raised public concern for their potential negative impact on aquatic life, as they are resistant to wastewater treatment and remain as a new source of pollution in water bodies.14

On the other hand, natural sweeteners, such as honey, may have their own environmental and ethical implications, particularly concerning the welfare of bees. However, this calls for attention to the growing trend of sustainable and ethically sourced sweeteners.15 Locally produced honey, organic stevia, and maple syrup, for example, have less environmental impact and often support community economies and fair trade practices.15 Sweet decisions

When choosing between artificial sweeteners and natural alternatives, health goals and dietary needs must be considered. Artificial sweeteners are low in calories and may aid in weight management for individuals with certain health conditions or diseases such as diabetes, while natural sweeteners such as honey or maple syrup have different nutritional profiles and biological activities.

For diabetes management, artificial sweeteners may be preferred due to their minimal impact on blood glucose, while natural sweeteners should be used with caution. Moderation is key, as excessive consumption of either type can interfere with weight management and glycemic control. References Chattopadhyay S, et al.(2011). Artificial Sweeteners – a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(4), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0571-1 Commissioner, O. of the. (n.d.). How sweet it is: All about sweeteners. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Online]  https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/how-sweet-it-all-about-sweeteners Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.-b). High-intensity sweeteners. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Online]  https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/high-intensity-sweeteners Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.-a). Aspartame and other sweeteners in food. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.  [Online] https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/aspartame-and-other-sweeteners-food Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.-c). Understanding how FDA regulates food additives and Gras ingredients. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Online]  https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-and-gras-ingredients-information-consumers/understanding-how-fda-regulates-food-additives-and-gras-ingredients Food Additives. European Food Safety Authority. (n.d.). [Online]  https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/food-additives Samarghandian S, et al. (2017). Honey and Health: A Review of Recent Clinical Research. Pharmacognosy Res. 9(2):121-127. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.204647. PMID: 28539734; PMCID: PMC5424551. Mohammed F, et al.(2023). Nutritional, pharmacological, and sensory properties of Maple Syrup: A comprehensive review. Heliyon, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19216 Artificial Sweeteners and cancer. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). [Online]  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/artificial-sweeteners-fact-sheet#:~:text=Six%20artificial%20sweeteners%20are%20approved,sucralose%2C%20neotame%2C%20and%20advantame. Schiffman S.S, et al. (2023). Toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate and its parent sucralose: in vitro screening assays. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 26(6), 307–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2213903 Zani F, et al. (2023). The dietary sweetener sucralose is a negative modulator of T cell-mediated responses. Nature, 615(7953), 705–711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05801-6 World Health Organization. (n.d.-a). Aspartame hazard and risk assessment results released. World Health Organization. [Online] https://www.who.int/news/item/14-07-2023-aspartame-hazard-and-risk-assessment-results-released World Health Organization. (n.d.-b). Who advises not to use non-sugar sweeteners for weight control in newly released guideline. World Health Organization. [Online]  https://www.who.int/news/item/15-05-2023-who-advises-not-to-use-non-sugar-sweeteners-for-weight-control-in-newly-released-guideline Naik A.Q, et al. (2021). Environmental impact of the presence, distribution, and use of artificial sweeteners as emerging sources of pollution. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2021, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6624569 Choudhury, N. R. (2023, August 17). Are naturally derived sweeteners more sustainable?. Food Beverage Insider. [Online]  https://www.foodbeverageinsider.com/sweeteners/naturally-derived-sweeteners-sustainability-and-eco-friendliness Further reading What are the Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on Gut Health? Sucralose: Safety and Evidence Are Sweeteners Healthy?

Last Updated: Feb 16, 2024

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Politics

Boris Johnson pays tribute to polling station staff who refused to let him vote without photo ID

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Boris Johnson pays tribute to polling station staff who refused to let him vote without photo ID

Boris Johnson has paid tribute to the villagers who Sky News revealed turned him away from a polling station when he tried to vote without a valid photo ID – under rules he introduced.

The former prime minister said he attempted to cast his ballot using a magazine sleeve with his name and address on as proof but was prevented from doing so.

The requirement to provide photo ID was introduced by Mr Johnson during his time in Downing Street as part of the Elections Act 2022.

The move was controversial over fears it would bar people from voting, particularly among disadvantaged groups.

Local election live: Khan likely to cling on to London – as West Midlands on knife-edge

Mr Johnson had been seeking to vote in South Oxfordshire, where a police and crime commissioner for Thames Valley was being elected.

Writing in his Daily Mail column, he said: “I want to pay a particular tribute to the three villagers who on Thursday rightly turned me away when I appeared in the polling station with nothing to prove my identity except the sleeve of my copy of Prospect magazine, on which my name and address had been printed.

“I showed it to them and they looked very dubious… within minutes I was back with my driving licence and voted Tory.”

Sky’s election coverage plan – how to follow

The weekend: Sophy Ridge will host another special edition of the Politics Hub on Saturday from 7pm until 9pm. And Sunday Morning with Trevor Phillips will take a look back over what’s happened from 8.30am until 10am.

How do I watch?: Freeview 233, Sky 501, Virgin 603, BT 313, YouTube and the Sky News website and app. You can also watch Sky News live here, and on YouTube.

The Electoral Dysfunction podcast with Beth Rigby, Jess Phillips and Ruth Davidsonis out now, and Politics at Jack and Sam’s will navigate the big question of where the results leave us ahead of a general election on Sunday.

You can also follow the latest on our politics page

Read more:
The winners and losers
Charts tell story of Conservative collapse

Analysis: Labour’s future success is less clear-cut

Thursday’s election is the first time many voters in England and Wales have had to present ID to vote under provisions first rolled out at last year’s local elections.

As well as driving licences, other acceptable forms of ID include passports, proof of age cards, blue badges, and some concessionary travel cards.

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The government has also said it intends to make veterans’ ID cards a valid form of voter identification after former service personnel were turned away.

Veterans’ minister Johnny Mercer apologised to those who had been unable to use the document to vote, vowing to “do all I can” to have it added to the list of valid identification.

Labour said the government has had years to ensure the card was included, having begun rolling out the scheme in 2019.

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Environment

Watch this autonomous excavator build a 215 foot retaining wall [video]

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Watch this autonomous excavator build a 215 foot retaining wall [video]

The robotics experts at ETH Zurich have developed an autonomous excavator that uses advanced AI to help it complete high-skill tasks without a human operator.

Dry stone wall construction typically involves huge amounts of operator labor. Doing it right requires not just hours of labor, but hours of skilled, experienced labor. At least, it used to. If the crew at ETH is successful, building stone retaining walls will soon become a “set it and forget it” task for robots to complete. Robots like their HEAP excavator.

HEAP (Hydraulic Excavator for an Autonomous Purpose) is a customized Menzi Muck M545 developed for autonomous operation that uses electrically-driven hydraulics to operate an advanced boom arm equipped with draw wire encoders, LiDAR, Leica iCON site-mapping, and a Rototilt “wrist” on the end that makes it look more like a high-precision robotic arm than a traditional heavy equipment asset.

ETH HEAP tech stack

Image via ETH Zürich.

Which makes sense. After all: the ETH guys are roboticists, not skilled heavy equipment operators. So, how does their robot do against skilled operators?

“We are currently outperformed by human excavator operators in placement speed,” ETH researchers wrote in Science Robotics. “Such operators, however, typically require string and paint references with which to register their construction and often a second or third person outside the machine to provide guidance and to insert small supporting stones, gravel, and soil by hand and shovel. In contrast, our process can build complex nonplanar global surface geometries without physical reference markers, does not require a skilled driver or small supporting stones, and provides a full digital twin of the built structure for better accountability and future reuse.”

Translation: the robot is slower, but it gets the job done.

You can watch the ETH HEAP put all its onboard tech to work building a 215 foot long, 20 foot high retaining wall all on its own in the video, below.

Autonomous excavator constructs dry stone wall

The completed project can be seen at Circularity Park in Oberglatt, Switzerland, and illustrates the potential for autonomous equipment to build with irregularly-shaped materials. And with skilled operators in short supply everywhere, the potential to free up operators so they can go where they’re really needed.

Electrek’s Take

ETH Zürich’s robot excavator has been in development for years, with numerous white papers exploring its potential uses in construction and agriculture published on the company’s site. It’s quite a rabbit hole, as internet deep-dives go, and I highly recommend it.

That said, the electrically driven hydraulics and high-precision Rototilt wrist on the end of the boom arm’s “claw” alone make this futuristic excavator worth some attention. As more and more manufacturers switch to full electric or even “just” electric drive, research into better solutions for existing hydraulic equipment and expertise could lead to big market wins.

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UK

Conservative Andy Street suffers shock loss to Labour in West Midlands mayoral race in blow to Rishi Sunak

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Conservative Andy Street suffers shock loss to Labour in West Midlands mayoral race in blow to Rishi Sunak

Tory incumbent Andy Street has suffered a shock defeat to Labour in the West Midlands mayoral election after a partial recount was ordered.

Labour’s Richard Parker beat Mr Street by just 1,508 votes – 0.25% – to deliver a major blow to Rishi Sunak in the key electoral battleground after a hammering in the local elections.

With the race neck-and-neck, in the end it came down to the results in one borough – Labour-supporting Sandwell.

“This is the most important thing I will ever do,” Mr Parker said in his acceptance speech.

“I promise you that I will deliver jobs,” he added.

He told Sky News he would take buses “back into public control” and deliver the “largest programme of social housing we’ve had in this region for more than 40 years”.

And he thanked his predecessor, who he said had “led this region through a number of great challenges and you deserve great credit for that”.

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Mr Street told Sky News he was “personally devastated”, had “put my all into this”, and “genuinely believed we were making real progress across the region”.

He said it was “my campaign, totally”, adding: “I’m not going to try to push responsibility anywhere else. There’ll be no sloping shoulders from me.”

He wished his successor “all strength and wisdom”.

Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer said it was a “phenomenal result” and “beyond our expectations”.

He added: “People across the country have had enough of Conservative chaos and decline and voted for change with Labour.

“My changed Labour Party is back in the service of working people, and stands ready to govern.”

Labour's Richard Parker speaks as he is elected as the new Mayor of West Midlands, following the count at the International Convention Centre in Birmingham. Picture date: Saturday May 4, 2024.
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Labour’s Richard Parker has promised to deliver jobs

Local elections live
The mayoral election results

Ellie Reeves, Labour’s deputy national campaign co-ordinator, said it was a “significant victory”.

She added: “Right across the country people have voted for change and the message is clear – it’s time for a general election and a Labour government to get our country’s future back.”

Labour’s Sadiq Khan has secured a historic third term as London mayor with a convincing win over Conservative rival Susan Hall.

These results will increase pressure on the prime minister, who had been hoping for a repeat of the success enjoyed by Conservative Ben Houchen who held on as the mayor of Tees Valley.

Sam Coates, Sky News’s deputy political editor, said he had seen messages from Conservative MPs’ WhatsApp group.

One from former cabinet minister Simon Clarke, whom Coates said “wants Rishi Sunak to leave”, said: “These results are awful and should be a massive wake-up call.

“If we fight the same campaign in a few months [in the general election] we’ll get the same outcome or rather worse.

“Reform UK standing more candidates will cause greater damage.”

Read more:
The winners and losers
Charts tell story of Conservative collapse

Analysis: Labour’s future success is less clear-cut

The loss of either the Teesside or West Midlands mayoralties would give Tory rebels who want to change leader a “huge amount of fuel”, former Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson said in the Electoral Dysfunction podcast.

Mr Street, who was seeking a third term in office, sought to distance himself from the Conservative brand during his campaign and instead ran on a personal platform.

Sky News recently revealed that Mr Street was sending out election literature with an endorsement from former prime minister Boris Johnson which urged people to “forget about the government”.

His campaign website also made no mention of Mr Sunak on its homepage and was coloured in green rather than Conservative blue.

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